Lecture 6
Summary Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development
and Political Legitimacy
Seymour Martin Lipset's article "Some Social Requisites of Democracy:
Economic Development and Political Legitimacy," published in the American
Political Science Review in 1959, explores the essential social conditions that
contribute to the establishment and maintenance of democratic systems.
Here’s a detailed summary of the key points and arguments presented in
the article:
Main Arguments
1. Economic Development and Democracy:
- Lipset argues that economic development is a crucial prerequisite for the
establishment and sustainability of democracy. He posits that wealthier
nations tend to have more stable democratic institutions. This correlation is
attributed to several factors, including higher levels of education, greater
social mobility, and a more robust civil society.
- He emphasizes that economic development leads to a more educated
populace, which is better equipped to participate in democratic processes
and make informed decisions.
2. Political Legitimacy:
- Political legitimacy is defined as the widespread acceptance of a political
system's right to govern. Lipset argues that for democracy to thrive, it must
be perceived as legitimate by its citizens.
- He discusses how legitimacy can be derived from various sources,
including historical traditions, the effectiveness of governance, and the
ability of the government to meet the needs of its citizens.
3. Cultural Preconditions:
- The article highlights the importance of cultural factors, such as the
presence of a strong civil society and democratic values, in supporting
democratic governance. Lipset notes that societies with a history of
democratic practices are more likely to sustain democracy.
- He critiques the notion that democracy can be established solely through
political will or external imposition, arguing instead for the necessity of
underlying social conditions.
4. Comparative Analysis:
- Lipset employs a comparative approach, examining various countries to
illustrate his points. He discusses cases from Europe, Latin America, and
Asia, analyzing how different social structures and economic conditions
impact democratic stability.
- He points out that while some countries may have democratic institutions,
the actual practice of democracy can vary significantly based on social and
economic contexts.
,5. Deviant Cases:
- The article addresses the existence of deviant cases where countries with
low levels of economic development have managed to establish democratic
systems. Lipset argues that these cases should be understood within a
broader context and not as refutations of his thesis.
- He suggests that such anomalies can often be explained by unique
historical, cultural, or geopolitical factors that may not be present in other
contexts.
Methodological Considerations
- Lipset discusses the methodological challenges of studying democracy,
advocating for a multi-variate analysis that considers various social,
economic, and political factors simultaneously.
- He emphasizes the need for empirical research to validate theoretical
propositions about democracy and its prerequisites.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Lipset asserts that democracy is not merely a product of
political structures but is deeply rooted in social and economic conditions.
He calls for further research to explore the complex relationships between
these factors and to better understand the dynamics of democratic
governance. The article remains influential in political sociology and
comparative politics, providing a foundational framework for analyzing the
prerequisites of democracy.
Overall, Lipset's work underscores the importance of a holistic
understanding of democracy, integrating economic, cultural, and political
dimensions to explain its development and sustainability.
What are the main arguments presented by Seymour Martin Lipset
regarding the relationship between economic development and democracy?
Seymour Martin Lipset presents several key arguments regarding the
relationship between economic development and democracy in his article
"Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political
Legitimacy." Here are the main points:
1. Correlation Between Wealth and Democracy:
- Lipset argues that there is a strong correlation between a nation's level of
economic development and its ability to sustain a democratic political
system. Wealthier nations tend to have more stable and enduring
democracies.
2. Impact of Economic Development on Political Participation:
- He posits that economic development leads to higher levels of education,
urbanization, and social mobility, which in turn foster greater political
participation. An educated populace is better equipped to engage in political
processes and make informed decisions.
3. Social Structure and Class Dynamics:
,- Lipset discusses how economic development influences social structures,
reducing the gap between the rich and the poor. In societies where wealth is
more evenly distributed, there is less likelihood of class conflict, which can
destabilize democratic governance.
4. Legitimacy and Effectiveness:
- He emphasizes that economic development contributes to the legitimacy
of political institutions. A government that effectively meets the needs of its
citizens and performs well in terms of governance is more likely to be
viewed as legitimate, which is essential for the stability of democracy.
5. Historical Context:
- Lipset highlights that the historical context of a nation plays a significant
role in shaping its political system. Countries with a history of democratic
practices and institutions are more likely to sustain democracy, especially
when combined with economic development.
6. Cultural Preconditions:
- He argues that cultural factors, such as the presence of democratic values
and a strong civil society, are also influenced by economic development.
These cultural elements support the functioning of democratic institutions.
7. Deviant Cases:
- While acknowledging that some less economically developed countries
have managed to establish democratic systems, Lipset argues that these
cases are exceptions and often involve unique historical or cultural factors
that allow for democracy to flourish despite economic challenges.
8. Multi-Variable Analysis:
- Lipset advocates for a multi-variable approach to understanding
democracy, suggesting that economic development should be considered
alongside other social, political, and cultural factors to fully grasp its impact
on democratic stability.
In summary, Lipset's main argument is that economic development is a
fundamental prerequisite for the establishment and maintenance of
democracy, as it influences education, social structure, political legitimacy,
and cultural values, all of which are critical for a functioning democratic
system.
Summary What Causes Democratization
The chapter "What Causes Democratization" by Barbara Geddes, found in
"The Oxford Handbook of Political Science," provides a comprehensive
analysis of the factors influencing democratization processes across
different contexts. Here’s a detailed summary of the key points discussed in
the chapter:
Overview
, Geddes argues that understanding democratization requires a nuanced
approach that considers various factors, including historical context, the
type of authoritarian regime in place, and the specific circumstances
surrounding transitions to democracy. She emphasizes that democratization
is not a uniform process and that different cases may require different
explanations.
Key Themes
1. Disaggregation of Democratization:
- The chapter begins by highlighting the importance of disaggregating the
concept of democratization. Geddes suggests that assuming a single
explanation for democratization leads to confusion and disagreement
among scholars. Different contexts and types of authoritarian regimes
necessitate distinct analytical frameworks.
2. Historical Context:
- Geddes discusses how the historical period in which democratization
occurs can significantly influence the process. Early democratizations often
took place in capitalist economies where wealth was concentrated among
elites, while later transitions may occur in contexts with significant state
ownership of resources, affecting the dynamics of power and wealth
distribution.
3. Types of Authoritarian Regimes:
- The chapter categorizes authoritarian regimes and examines how their
characteristics impact the likelihood and nature of democratization. For
instance, regimes that come to power through revolutionary means may
have different fears and motivations compared to those that are established
through electoral processes.
4. Economic Factors:
- Economic conditions play a crucial role in democratization. Geddes
references studies that link economic crises to regime change, suggesting
that economic instability can create opportunities for democratization.
However, the relationship is complex, as some regimes may use economic
resources to maintain power.
5. Strategic Interactions:
- The interactions between elites and the populace are central to the
democratization process. Geddes notes that ruling elites may resist
democratization if they fear losing their wealth and power, particularly in
contexts where redistributive policies are anticipated. Conversely, if elites
perceive that they can negotiate favorable terms (e.g., immunity from
prosecution), they may be more amenable to democratic reforms.
6. Empirical Studies and Models:
- The chapter emphasizes the need for empirical studies that test different
causal mechanisms behind democratization. Geddes discusses various
models proposed by scholars, such as those by Boix (2003) and Acemoglu
Summary Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development
and Political Legitimacy
Seymour Martin Lipset's article "Some Social Requisites of Democracy:
Economic Development and Political Legitimacy," published in the American
Political Science Review in 1959, explores the essential social conditions that
contribute to the establishment and maintenance of democratic systems.
Here’s a detailed summary of the key points and arguments presented in
the article:
Main Arguments
1. Economic Development and Democracy:
- Lipset argues that economic development is a crucial prerequisite for the
establishment and sustainability of democracy. He posits that wealthier
nations tend to have more stable democratic institutions. This correlation is
attributed to several factors, including higher levels of education, greater
social mobility, and a more robust civil society.
- He emphasizes that economic development leads to a more educated
populace, which is better equipped to participate in democratic processes
and make informed decisions.
2. Political Legitimacy:
- Political legitimacy is defined as the widespread acceptance of a political
system's right to govern. Lipset argues that for democracy to thrive, it must
be perceived as legitimate by its citizens.
- He discusses how legitimacy can be derived from various sources,
including historical traditions, the effectiveness of governance, and the
ability of the government to meet the needs of its citizens.
3. Cultural Preconditions:
- The article highlights the importance of cultural factors, such as the
presence of a strong civil society and democratic values, in supporting
democratic governance. Lipset notes that societies with a history of
democratic practices are more likely to sustain democracy.
- He critiques the notion that democracy can be established solely through
political will or external imposition, arguing instead for the necessity of
underlying social conditions.
4. Comparative Analysis:
- Lipset employs a comparative approach, examining various countries to
illustrate his points. He discusses cases from Europe, Latin America, and
Asia, analyzing how different social structures and economic conditions
impact democratic stability.
- He points out that while some countries may have democratic institutions,
the actual practice of democracy can vary significantly based on social and
economic contexts.
,5. Deviant Cases:
- The article addresses the existence of deviant cases where countries with
low levels of economic development have managed to establish democratic
systems. Lipset argues that these cases should be understood within a
broader context and not as refutations of his thesis.
- He suggests that such anomalies can often be explained by unique
historical, cultural, or geopolitical factors that may not be present in other
contexts.
Methodological Considerations
- Lipset discusses the methodological challenges of studying democracy,
advocating for a multi-variate analysis that considers various social,
economic, and political factors simultaneously.
- He emphasizes the need for empirical research to validate theoretical
propositions about democracy and its prerequisites.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Lipset asserts that democracy is not merely a product of
political structures but is deeply rooted in social and economic conditions.
He calls for further research to explore the complex relationships between
these factors and to better understand the dynamics of democratic
governance. The article remains influential in political sociology and
comparative politics, providing a foundational framework for analyzing the
prerequisites of democracy.
Overall, Lipset's work underscores the importance of a holistic
understanding of democracy, integrating economic, cultural, and political
dimensions to explain its development and sustainability.
What are the main arguments presented by Seymour Martin Lipset
regarding the relationship between economic development and democracy?
Seymour Martin Lipset presents several key arguments regarding the
relationship between economic development and democracy in his article
"Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political
Legitimacy." Here are the main points:
1. Correlation Between Wealth and Democracy:
- Lipset argues that there is a strong correlation between a nation's level of
economic development and its ability to sustain a democratic political
system. Wealthier nations tend to have more stable and enduring
democracies.
2. Impact of Economic Development on Political Participation:
- He posits that economic development leads to higher levels of education,
urbanization, and social mobility, which in turn foster greater political
participation. An educated populace is better equipped to engage in political
processes and make informed decisions.
3. Social Structure and Class Dynamics:
,- Lipset discusses how economic development influences social structures,
reducing the gap between the rich and the poor. In societies where wealth is
more evenly distributed, there is less likelihood of class conflict, which can
destabilize democratic governance.
4. Legitimacy and Effectiveness:
- He emphasizes that economic development contributes to the legitimacy
of political institutions. A government that effectively meets the needs of its
citizens and performs well in terms of governance is more likely to be
viewed as legitimate, which is essential for the stability of democracy.
5. Historical Context:
- Lipset highlights that the historical context of a nation plays a significant
role in shaping its political system. Countries with a history of democratic
practices and institutions are more likely to sustain democracy, especially
when combined with economic development.
6. Cultural Preconditions:
- He argues that cultural factors, such as the presence of democratic values
and a strong civil society, are also influenced by economic development.
These cultural elements support the functioning of democratic institutions.
7. Deviant Cases:
- While acknowledging that some less economically developed countries
have managed to establish democratic systems, Lipset argues that these
cases are exceptions and often involve unique historical or cultural factors
that allow for democracy to flourish despite economic challenges.
8. Multi-Variable Analysis:
- Lipset advocates for a multi-variable approach to understanding
democracy, suggesting that economic development should be considered
alongside other social, political, and cultural factors to fully grasp its impact
on democratic stability.
In summary, Lipset's main argument is that economic development is a
fundamental prerequisite for the establishment and maintenance of
democracy, as it influences education, social structure, political legitimacy,
and cultural values, all of which are critical for a functioning democratic
system.
Summary What Causes Democratization
The chapter "What Causes Democratization" by Barbara Geddes, found in
"The Oxford Handbook of Political Science," provides a comprehensive
analysis of the factors influencing democratization processes across
different contexts. Here’s a detailed summary of the key points discussed in
the chapter:
Overview
, Geddes argues that understanding democratization requires a nuanced
approach that considers various factors, including historical context, the
type of authoritarian regime in place, and the specific circumstances
surrounding transitions to democracy. She emphasizes that democratization
is not a uniform process and that different cases may require different
explanations.
Key Themes
1. Disaggregation of Democratization:
- The chapter begins by highlighting the importance of disaggregating the
concept of democratization. Geddes suggests that assuming a single
explanation for democratization leads to confusion and disagreement
among scholars. Different contexts and types of authoritarian regimes
necessitate distinct analytical frameworks.
2. Historical Context:
- Geddes discusses how the historical period in which democratization
occurs can significantly influence the process. Early democratizations often
took place in capitalist economies where wealth was concentrated among
elites, while later transitions may occur in contexts with significant state
ownership of resources, affecting the dynamics of power and wealth
distribution.
3. Types of Authoritarian Regimes:
- The chapter categorizes authoritarian regimes and examines how their
characteristics impact the likelihood and nature of democratization. For
instance, regimes that come to power through revolutionary means may
have different fears and motivations compared to those that are established
through electoral processes.
4. Economic Factors:
- Economic conditions play a crucial role in democratization. Geddes
references studies that link economic crises to regime change, suggesting
that economic instability can create opportunities for democratization.
However, the relationship is complex, as some regimes may use economic
resources to maintain power.
5. Strategic Interactions:
- The interactions between elites and the populace are central to the
democratization process. Geddes notes that ruling elites may resist
democratization if they fear losing their wealth and power, particularly in
contexts where redistributive policies are anticipated. Conversely, if elites
perceive that they can negotiate favorable terms (e.g., immunity from
prosecution), they may be more amenable to democratic reforms.
6. Empirical Studies and Models:
- The chapter emphasizes the need for empirical studies that test different
causal mechanisms behind democratization. Geddes discusses various
models proposed by scholars, such as those by Boix (2003) and Acemoglu
