NUR 150 – MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
DIABETES MELLITUS
Which of the following information should be included in patient teaching for clients with
Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Inspect feet monthly
B. Correct blood glucose monitoring
C. Signs and symptoms of Hypo- and Hyperglycemia
D. Diet teaching with a focus on simple sugars and carbohydrates
E. Teaching about sick day rules
F. To see an ophthalmologist every two years - Answer-B. Correct blood glucose
monitoring
C. Signs and symptoms of Hypo- and Hyperglycemia
E. Teaching about sick day rules
DIABETES MELLITUS
Clients with Diabetes Mellitus and albuminuria should be on which of the following
medication?
A. Diuretic
B. Steroids
C. ACE Inhibitor
D. Beta Blocker - Answer-C. ACE Inhibitor (protects the kidneys)
DIABETES MELLITUS
A nurse caring for a client with diabetes-related neuropathy understands that the
following medication could be moderately effective in treating symptoms.
A. NSAIDs
B. Fish oil
C. SSNRI
D. Narcotics - Answer-C. SSNRI (venlafaxine, duloxetine)
DIABETES MELLITUS
DM - Complications - Answer-eyes (retinopathy)
kidney (nephropathy)
nerve damage (neuropathy)
,DIABETES MELLITUS
DM is characterized by - Answer-hyperglycemia
abnormal insulin production
complications in how we take up and use insulin
DIABETES MELLITUS
High glucose w/o DM - Answer-Stored glucose is released by muscles and the liver as
glycogen in response to stress, causing high blood sugar without DM.
DIABETES MELLITUS
Symptoms of hypoglycemia - Answer-• tachycardia
• excessive sweating (diaphoresis)
• light-headedness
• visual disturbances
DIABETES MELLITUS
Treatment of hypoglycemia - Answer-• fast-acting sugar (juice, glucose tabs, etc.)
• long-acting sugar (sandwich, etc.)
• D50W (Concentrated IV dextrose 50%)
DIABETES MELLITUS
Very low blood sugar will cause: - Answer-• seizure
• coma
• death
DIABETES MELLITUS
Four factors in development of DMI: - Answer-• insulin resistance
• decreased ability to make insulin
• inappropriate glucose production by the liver
• altered production of hormones and cytokines by adipose tissue
DIABETES MELLITUS
Metabolic Syndrome - five components (3/5) - Answer-• increased glucose levels
• abdominal obesity
• high BP
• high levels of triglycerides
• decreased levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
DIABETES MELLITUS
,Prediabetes - Answer-• a condition in which the blood sugar level is higher than normal,
but not high enough to be classified as TIIDM.
• impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), or both.
DIABETES MELLITUS
Clinical Manifestations of TID - Answer-rapid onset of
• polyuria
• polydipsia
• polyphagia
• weakness and fatigue
DIABETES MELLITUS
Clinical Manifestations of TIID - Answer-nonspecific onset of:
• polyuria
• polydipsia
• polyphagia
• recurrent infections
• recurrent vaginal yeast infections
• prolonged wound healing
• vision problems.
DIABETES MELLITUS
Three major types of glucose-lowering agents: - Answer-• insulin - ALL TID pts require
insulin.
• oral agents (OAs)
• non-insulin injectable agents
DIABETES MELLITUS
TID insulin regimen - Answer-People with type 1 diabetes require exogenous insulin to
survive. They often use multiple daily injections of insulin (often 4 or more) or
continuous insulin infusion via an insulin pump to adequately manage blood glucose
levels.
DIABETES MELLITUS
TIID insulin regimen - Answer-People with type 2 diabetes may also need up to 4
injections per day to adequately maintain their blood glucose levels. Insulin pumps also
can be used for patients with type 2 diabetes.
DIABETES MELLITUS
, oral meds for diabetes - Answer-• Glyburide
• Metformin
DIABETES MELLITUS
DM Drug Therapy - Answer-• Insulin
• OAs and noninsulin injectable agents
• Enteric-coated aspirin
• ACE inhibitors (protects kidneys)
• Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
• Antihyperlipidemic drugs (statins)
DIABETES MELLITUS
Types of insulin - Answer-• rapid-acting
• short-acting
• intermediate-acting
• long-acting insulin
DIABETES MELLITUS
Problems associated with insulin therapy - Answer-• hypoglycemia
• allergic reactions
• lipodystrophy
• hypertrophy
• Somogyi effect.
DIABETES MELLITUS
Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia - Answer-• sweating and pallor
• irritable
• tremors/weakness
• tachycardic
• drowsiness
• hunger
DIABETES MELLITUS
Dawn Phenomenon - Answer-hyperglycemia upon awakening
(rebound hyperglycemia)
DIABETES MELLITUS
Somogyi Effect - Answer-early-morning hyperglycemia that occurs as a result of
nighttime hypoglycemic episodes
AND ANSWERS
DIABETES MELLITUS
Which of the following information should be included in patient teaching for clients with
Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Inspect feet monthly
B. Correct blood glucose monitoring
C. Signs and symptoms of Hypo- and Hyperglycemia
D. Diet teaching with a focus on simple sugars and carbohydrates
E. Teaching about sick day rules
F. To see an ophthalmologist every two years - Answer-B. Correct blood glucose
monitoring
C. Signs and symptoms of Hypo- and Hyperglycemia
E. Teaching about sick day rules
DIABETES MELLITUS
Clients with Diabetes Mellitus and albuminuria should be on which of the following
medication?
A. Diuretic
B. Steroids
C. ACE Inhibitor
D. Beta Blocker - Answer-C. ACE Inhibitor (protects the kidneys)
DIABETES MELLITUS
A nurse caring for a client with diabetes-related neuropathy understands that the
following medication could be moderately effective in treating symptoms.
A. NSAIDs
B. Fish oil
C. SSNRI
D. Narcotics - Answer-C. SSNRI (venlafaxine, duloxetine)
DIABETES MELLITUS
DM - Complications - Answer-eyes (retinopathy)
kidney (nephropathy)
nerve damage (neuropathy)
,DIABETES MELLITUS
DM is characterized by - Answer-hyperglycemia
abnormal insulin production
complications in how we take up and use insulin
DIABETES MELLITUS
High glucose w/o DM - Answer-Stored glucose is released by muscles and the liver as
glycogen in response to stress, causing high blood sugar without DM.
DIABETES MELLITUS
Symptoms of hypoglycemia - Answer-• tachycardia
• excessive sweating (diaphoresis)
• light-headedness
• visual disturbances
DIABETES MELLITUS
Treatment of hypoglycemia - Answer-• fast-acting sugar (juice, glucose tabs, etc.)
• long-acting sugar (sandwich, etc.)
• D50W (Concentrated IV dextrose 50%)
DIABETES MELLITUS
Very low blood sugar will cause: - Answer-• seizure
• coma
• death
DIABETES MELLITUS
Four factors in development of DMI: - Answer-• insulin resistance
• decreased ability to make insulin
• inappropriate glucose production by the liver
• altered production of hormones and cytokines by adipose tissue
DIABETES MELLITUS
Metabolic Syndrome - five components (3/5) - Answer-• increased glucose levels
• abdominal obesity
• high BP
• high levels of triglycerides
• decreased levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
DIABETES MELLITUS
,Prediabetes - Answer-• a condition in which the blood sugar level is higher than normal,
but not high enough to be classified as TIIDM.
• impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), or both.
DIABETES MELLITUS
Clinical Manifestations of TID - Answer-rapid onset of
• polyuria
• polydipsia
• polyphagia
• weakness and fatigue
DIABETES MELLITUS
Clinical Manifestations of TIID - Answer-nonspecific onset of:
• polyuria
• polydipsia
• polyphagia
• recurrent infections
• recurrent vaginal yeast infections
• prolonged wound healing
• vision problems.
DIABETES MELLITUS
Three major types of glucose-lowering agents: - Answer-• insulin - ALL TID pts require
insulin.
• oral agents (OAs)
• non-insulin injectable agents
DIABETES MELLITUS
TID insulin regimen - Answer-People with type 1 diabetes require exogenous insulin to
survive. They often use multiple daily injections of insulin (often 4 or more) or
continuous insulin infusion via an insulin pump to adequately manage blood glucose
levels.
DIABETES MELLITUS
TIID insulin regimen - Answer-People with type 2 diabetes may also need up to 4
injections per day to adequately maintain their blood glucose levels. Insulin pumps also
can be used for patients with type 2 diabetes.
DIABETES MELLITUS
, oral meds for diabetes - Answer-• Glyburide
• Metformin
DIABETES MELLITUS
DM Drug Therapy - Answer-• Insulin
• OAs and noninsulin injectable agents
• Enteric-coated aspirin
• ACE inhibitors (protects kidneys)
• Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
• Antihyperlipidemic drugs (statins)
DIABETES MELLITUS
Types of insulin - Answer-• rapid-acting
• short-acting
• intermediate-acting
• long-acting insulin
DIABETES MELLITUS
Problems associated with insulin therapy - Answer-• hypoglycemia
• allergic reactions
• lipodystrophy
• hypertrophy
• Somogyi effect.
DIABETES MELLITUS
Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia - Answer-• sweating and pallor
• irritable
• tremors/weakness
• tachycardic
• drowsiness
• hunger
DIABETES MELLITUS
Dawn Phenomenon - Answer-hyperglycemia upon awakening
(rebound hyperglycemia)
DIABETES MELLITUS
Somogyi Effect - Answer-early-morning hyperglycemia that occurs as a result of
nighttime hypoglycemic episodes
