The Child with Cardiovascular Dysfunction- Exam Questions Fully Solved Latest Update 2025 (Rated
A+)
Two major groups of cardiovascular disorders in children - Answers Congenital heart disease
Acquired heart disease
Acquired heart disease - Answers disease processes or abnormalities that occur after birth and can be
seen in normal heart or in presence of congenital heart defects
ex: rheumatic heart disease
can involve heart, skin, subcutaneous tissue
History of child with suspected heart disease - Answers asking about mother's health history, pregnancy
and birth history (history of IDDM, SLE)
detailed family history: increased risk if parent or sibling has heart defect
Physical: inspection - Answers color
effort of breathing
clubbing of fingernails
unusual pulsations of neck veins
chest deformities
Physical assessment: Auscultation - Answers murmur
rate
rhythym
extra sounds
Physical assessment: Palpation and percussion - Answers chest
abdomen: hepatomegaly or splenomegaly
peripheral pulses: regularity, rate, amplitude
Diagnostic evaluation: CXR - Answers looking at heart size and pulmonary blood flow patterns
Electrocardiogram (EKG) - Answers looks at electrical heart activity
Echocardiography (Cardiac echo) - Answers detect structure and blood flow within heart
Cardiac catheterization - Answers invasive
, catheter into peripheral blood vessel that goes into heart
gives information about O2, pressures in heart, document CO and anatomical anomalies
definitive diagnosis
causes discomfort so patient will be sedated
Cardiac catheterization pre-procedure care - Answers school age: demonstrate on doll, give them the
mask to look at, show them IV, answer questions
assess peripheral pulses and mark them
get baseline vitals (esp O2 sat)
NPO prior (4-6 hours)
infants can eat 3-4 hours before
Cardiac cath post procedure observations - Answers pulses: especially below site of catheterization for
equality and symmetry
temp and color: of affected extremity: coolness or blanching may indicate arterial obstruction
vital signs: taken q 15 minutes
BP: especially for hypotension (indication of hemorrhage)
Dressing: evidence of bleeding or hematoma
fluid intake: IV and PO, ensure adequate hydration
blood glucose levels: for hypoglycemia in infants
child may need to have affected extremity straight for 4-6 hours after venous catheterization or 6-8
hours for arterial
can have parent laying in bed with the child and holding them to prevent them from moving around
Family teaching after cardiac cath - Answers cover catheter insertion site with adhesive bandage strip for
2 days
keep site clean and dry: avoid tub baths and swimming for several days
observe site for redness, drainage, bleeding
monitor for fever
A+)
Two major groups of cardiovascular disorders in children - Answers Congenital heart disease
Acquired heart disease
Acquired heart disease - Answers disease processes or abnormalities that occur after birth and can be
seen in normal heart or in presence of congenital heart defects
ex: rheumatic heart disease
can involve heart, skin, subcutaneous tissue
History of child with suspected heart disease - Answers asking about mother's health history, pregnancy
and birth history (history of IDDM, SLE)
detailed family history: increased risk if parent or sibling has heart defect
Physical: inspection - Answers color
effort of breathing
clubbing of fingernails
unusual pulsations of neck veins
chest deformities
Physical assessment: Auscultation - Answers murmur
rate
rhythym
extra sounds
Physical assessment: Palpation and percussion - Answers chest
abdomen: hepatomegaly or splenomegaly
peripheral pulses: regularity, rate, amplitude
Diagnostic evaluation: CXR - Answers looking at heart size and pulmonary blood flow patterns
Electrocardiogram (EKG) - Answers looks at electrical heart activity
Echocardiography (Cardiac echo) - Answers detect structure and blood flow within heart
Cardiac catheterization - Answers invasive
, catheter into peripheral blood vessel that goes into heart
gives information about O2, pressures in heart, document CO and anatomical anomalies
definitive diagnosis
causes discomfort so patient will be sedated
Cardiac catheterization pre-procedure care - Answers school age: demonstrate on doll, give them the
mask to look at, show them IV, answer questions
assess peripheral pulses and mark them
get baseline vitals (esp O2 sat)
NPO prior (4-6 hours)
infants can eat 3-4 hours before
Cardiac cath post procedure observations - Answers pulses: especially below site of catheterization for
equality and symmetry
temp and color: of affected extremity: coolness or blanching may indicate arterial obstruction
vital signs: taken q 15 minutes
BP: especially for hypotension (indication of hemorrhage)
Dressing: evidence of bleeding or hematoma
fluid intake: IV and PO, ensure adequate hydration
blood glucose levels: for hypoglycemia in infants
child may need to have affected extremity straight for 4-6 hours after venous catheterization or 6-8
hours for arterial
can have parent laying in bed with the child and holding them to prevent them from moving around
Family teaching after cardiac cath - Answers cover catheter insertion site with adhesive bandage strip for
2 days
keep site clean and dry: avoid tub baths and swimming for several days
observe site for redness, drainage, bleeding
monitor for fever
