WGU D236 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
LATEST VERSIONS 2025 WITH QUESTIONS EACH
AND STUDY GUIDE |ACCURATE EXPERT
VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS.
Terms in this set (106)
AEIOU-acidosis. Electrolytes, Intoxication/Ingestion,
overload, uremia. Patients with kidney or heart failure.
A build up of phosphates, urea and magnesium are
removed from the blood using a semi-permeable
Describe some reasons membrane and dialysate.
for a patient needing
dialysis AEIOU:
A—acidosis;
E—electrolytes principally hyperkalemia;
I—ingestions or overdose of medications/drugs;
O—overload of fluid causing heart failure;
U—uremia leading to encephalitis/pericarditis
, Hemodialysis uses a machine to pump blood from the
body in one tube while dialysate (made of water,
electrolytes and salts) is pumped in the separate tube
in the opposite direction. Waste from the blood
diffuses through the semipermeable membrane
separating the blood from the dialysate.
Peritoneal Dialysis does not use a machine, but
instead injects a solution of water and glucose into
Compare and contrast
the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum acts as the
hemodialysis and
membrane instead of dialysis tubing. The waste
peritoneal dialysis.
products diffuse into the abdominal cavity and the
waste solution is then drained from the body.
What are some reasons
for a patient choosing one
Peritoneal dialysis offers continuous filtration and is
over the other?
less disruption to the patient's daily routines. However,
it does require some training of the patient and is not
recommended for individuals who are overweight or
have severe kidney failure.
Hemodialysis provides medical care, but 3 times a
week for several hours sitting at a hospital or clinic.
Individuals with acute kidney failure are
recommended to use hemodialysis.
Homeostasis acts to create a constant and stable
environment in the body despite internal and external
changes. Proteins and other cellular processes
require optimal conditions in order to carry out their
How does homeostasis
functions.
and maintaining optimal
physiological health
Alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature,
impact your wellbeing?
glucose levels, etc. can have negative effects on
health, so it is vital for mechanisms that regulate
homeostasis to function properly for maintaining
good health
, The innate immune system encompasses physical
barriers and chemical and cellular defenses. Physical
barriers protect the body from invasion. These include
things like the skin and eyelashes. Chemical barriers
are defense mechanisms that can destroy harmful
agent. Examples include tears, mucous, and stomach
acid.
Cellular defenses of the innate immune response are
non-specific. These cellular defenses identify
pathogens and substances that are potentially
Differentiate between
dangerous and takes steps to neutralize or destroy
Innate Immunity and
them.
Adaptive Immunity ?
Adaptive immunity is an organism's acquired immunity
to a specific pathogen. As such, it's also referred to as
acquired immunity. Adaptive immunity is not
immediate, nor does it always last throughout an
organism's entire lifespan, although it can.
The adaptive immune response is marked by clonal
expansion of T and B lymphocytes, releasing many
antibody copies to neutralize or destroy their target
antigen
The innate immune response to microbes stimulates
adaptive immune responses and influences the nature
of the adaptive responses.
What is a way that
Adaptive Immunity can
Conversely, adaptive immune responses often work
recruit innate immunity?
by enhancing the protective mechanisms of innate
immunity, making them more capable of effectively
combating pathogenic microbes
, Children have not been exposed to many pathogens
yet, so they lack memory cells and have not built-up
Why are some infections
immunity yet.
harder on children while
other infections are harder
The elderly have a depleted naïve T cell population
on the elderly?
from years of battling infections, so the likelihood of
getting a match is less.
An injury causes an inflammatory response which is
responsible for the redness, swelling, heat and pain.
Upon injury, cells on the surface begin to release
chemokines which act as messengers that something
has happened.
Mast cells are also alerted to release histamines which
travel to the endothelial cells of capillaries and causes
Describe how and why
vasodilation, which is related to swelling and redness.
our injury response results
in the signs of redness,
Vasodilation also causes the capillaries to become
swelling, heat, and pain?
leaky which allows for histamines, chemokines and
even pathogen particles to enter the blood stream
(Be sure to use
where they are met by neutrophils (non-specific)
chemokines, histamine,
which start to adhere to the capillary wall and
and vasodilation in your
squeeze through the leaky holes (diapedesis or
response.)
extravasation) to phagocytose pathogens and
damaged cells.
Dendritic cells just under the surface of skin are also
activated to phagocytose foreign particles. Other B
cells, T cells (specific) and the complement system
also squeeze through the capillary wall to create an
area of congestion.
LATEST VERSIONS 2025 WITH QUESTIONS EACH
AND STUDY GUIDE |ACCURATE EXPERT
VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS.
Terms in this set (106)
AEIOU-acidosis. Electrolytes, Intoxication/Ingestion,
overload, uremia. Patients with kidney or heart failure.
A build up of phosphates, urea and magnesium are
removed from the blood using a semi-permeable
Describe some reasons membrane and dialysate.
for a patient needing
dialysis AEIOU:
A—acidosis;
E—electrolytes principally hyperkalemia;
I—ingestions or overdose of medications/drugs;
O—overload of fluid causing heart failure;
U—uremia leading to encephalitis/pericarditis
, Hemodialysis uses a machine to pump blood from the
body in one tube while dialysate (made of water,
electrolytes and salts) is pumped in the separate tube
in the opposite direction. Waste from the blood
diffuses through the semipermeable membrane
separating the blood from the dialysate.
Peritoneal Dialysis does not use a machine, but
instead injects a solution of water and glucose into
Compare and contrast
the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum acts as the
hemodialysis and
membrane instead of dialysis tubing. The waste
peritoneal dialysis.
products diffuse into the abdominal cavity and the
waste solution is then drained from the body.
What are some reasons
for a patient choosing one
Peritoneal dialysis offers continuous filtration and is
over the other?
less disruption to the patient's daily routines. However,
it does require some training of the patient and is not
recommended for individuals who are overweight or
have severe kidney failure.
Hemodialysis provides medical care, but 3 times a
week for several hours sitting at a hospital or clinic.
Individuals with acute kidney failure are
recommended to use hemodialysis.
Homeostasis acts to create a constant and stable
environment in the body despite internal and external
changes. Proteins and other cellular processes
require optimal conditions in order to carry out their
How does homeostasis
functions.
and maintaining optimal
physiological health
Alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature,
impact your wellbeing?
glucose levels, etc. can have negative effects on
health, so it is vital for mechanisms that regulate
homeostasis to function properly for maintaining
good health
, The innate immune system encompasses physical
barriers and chemical and cellular defenses. Physical
barriers protect the body from invasion. These include
things like the skin and eyelashes. Chemical barriers
are defense mechanisms that can destroy harmful
agent. Examples include tears, mucous, and stomach
acid.
Cellular defenses of the innate immune response are
non-specific. These cellular defenses identify
pathogens and substances that are potentially
Differentiate between
dangerous and takes steps to neutralize or destroy
Innate Immunity and
them.
Adaptive Immunity ?
Adaptive immunity is an organism's acquired immunity
to a specific pathogen. As such, it's also referred to as
acquired immunity. Adaptive immunity is not
immediate, nor does it always last throughout an
organism's entire lifespan, although it can.
The adaptive immune response is marked by clonal
expansion of T and B lymphocytes, releasing many
antibody copies to neutralize or destroy their target
antigen
The innate immune response to microbes stimulates
adaptive immune responses and influences the nature
of the adaptive responses.
What is a way that
Adaptive Immunity can
Conversely, adaptive immune responses often work
recruit innate immunity?
by enhancing the protective mechanisms of innate
immunity, making them more capable of effectively
combating pathogenic microbes
, Children have not been exposed to many pathogens
yet, so they lack memory cells and have not built-up
Why are some infections
immunity yet.
harder on children while
other infections are harder
The elderly have a depleted naïve T cell population
on the elderly?
from years of battling infections, so the likelihood of
getting a match is less.
An injury causes an inflammatory response which is
responsible for the redness, swelling, heat and pain.
Upon injury, cells on the surface begin to release
chemokines which act as messengers that something
has happened.
Mast cells are also alerted to release histamines which
travel to the endothelial cells of capillaries and causes
Describe how and why
vasodilation, which is related to swelling and redness.
our injury response results
in the signs of redness,
Vasodilation also causes the capillaries to become
swelling, heat, and pain?
leaky which allows for histamines, chemokines and
even pathogen particles to enter the blood stream
(Be sure to use
where they are met by neutrophils (non-specific)
chemokines, histamine,
which start to adhere to the capillary wall and
and vasodilation in your
squeeze through the leaky holes (diapedesis or
response.)
extravasation) to phagocytose pathogens and
damaged cells.
Dendritic cells just under the surface of skin are also
activated to phagocytose foreign particles. Other B
cells, T cells (specific) and the complement system
also squeeze through the capillary wall to create an
area of congestion.
