AGPCNP NU 621
Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm Exam Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Which of the following is the primary pathophysiological
mechanism in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
- A. Insulin resistance
- B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
- C. Increased hepatic glucose production
- D. Impaired insulin secretion
- ANS: B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
- Rationale: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by the
autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to insulin
deficiency.
©2024/2025
,2. A 45-year-old woman presents with fatigue, weight gain, and
cold intolerance. Which of the following is the most likely
diagnosis?
- A. Hyperthyroidism
- B. Hypothyroidism
- C. Cushing's syndrome
- D. Addison's disease
- ANS: B. Hypothyroidism
- Rationale: Hypothyroidism commonly presents with
symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance due
to decreased thyroid hormone production.
3. Which of the following is the most common cause of chronic
kidney disease (CKD) in adults?
- A. Hypertension
- B. Diabetes Mellitus
- C. Glomerulonephritis
- D. Polycystic kidney disease
- ANS: B. Diabetes Mellitus
- Rationale: Diabetes Mellitus is the leading cause of chronic
kidney disease in adults due to the damage it causes to the kidneys
over time.
©2024/2025
, Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
4. The primary neurotransmitter involved in the pathophysiology
of Parkinson's disease is __________.
- ANS: Dopamine
- Rationale: Dopamine deficiency in the substantia nigra is a
key feature in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease.
5. The hallmark of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
is __________.
- ANS: Diffuse alveolar damage
- Rationale: Diffuse alveolar damage is the hallmark of
ARDS, leading to severe hypoxemia and respiratory failure.
6. The most common genetic mutation associated with cystic
fibrosis is __________.
- ANS: ΔF508
- Rationale: The ΔF508 mutation in the CFTR gene is the
most common genetic mutation associated with cystic fibrosis.
True/False Questions
©2024/2025
, 7. True or False: In multiple sclerosis, the immune system
attacks the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves.
- ANS: False
- Rationale: Multiple sclerosis involves the immune system
attacking the myelin sheath of central nervous system nerves, not
peripheral nerves.
8. True or False: In rheumatoid arthritis, the synovial membrane
is the primary site of inflammation.
- ANS: True
- Rationale: Rheumatoid arthritis primarily affects the
synovial membrane, leading to inflammation and joint damage.
9. True or False: In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), the primary pathological change is the destruction of
alveolar walls.
- ANS: True
- Rationale: COPD is characterized by the destruction of
alveolar walls, leading to airflow limitation and impaired gas
exchange.
Multiple Response Questions
©2024/2025
Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm Exam Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Which of the following is the primary pathophysiological
mechanism in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
- A. Insulin resistance
- B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
- C. Increased hepatic glucose production
- D. Impaired insulin secretion
- ANS: B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
- Rationale: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by the
autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to insulin
deficiency.
©2024/2025
,2. A 45-year-old woman presents with fatigue, weight gain, and
cold intolerance. Which of the following is the most likely
diagnosis?
- A. Hyperthyroidism
- B. Hypothyroidism
- C. Cushing's syndrome
- D. Addison's disease
- ANS: B. Hypothyroidism
- Rationale: Hypothyroidism commonly presents with
symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance due
to decreased thyroid hormone production.
3. Which of the following is the most common cause of chronic
kidney disease (CKD) in adults?
- A. Hypertension
- B. Diabetes Mellitus
- C. Glomerulonephritis
- D. Polycystic kidney disease
- ANS: B. Diabetes Mellitus
- Rationale: Diabetes Mellitus is the leading cause of chronic
kidney disease in adults due to the damage it causes to the kidneys
over time.
©2024/2025
, Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
4. The primary neurotransmitter involved in the pathophysiology
of Parkinson's disease is __________.
- ANS: Dopamine
- Rationale: Dopamine deficiency in the substantia nigra is a
key feature in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease.
5. The hallmark of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
is __________.
- ANS: Diffuse alveolar damage
- Rationale: Diffuse alveolar damage is the hallmark of
ARDS, leading to severe hypoxemia and respiratory failure.
6. The most common genetic mutation associated with cystic
fibrosis is __________.
- ANS: ΔF508
- Rationale: The ΔF508 mutation in the CFTR gene is the
most common genetic mutation associated with cystic fibrosis.
True/False Questions
©2024/2025
, 7. True or False: In multiple sclerosis, the immune system
attacks the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves.
- ANS: False
- Rationale: Multiple sclerosis involves the immune system
attacking the myelin sheath of central nervous system nerves, not
peripheral nerves.
8. True or False: In rheumatoid arthritis, the synovial membrane
is the primary site of inflammation.
- ANS: True
- Rationale: Rheumatoid arthritis primarily affects the
synovial membrane, leading to inflammation and joint damage.
9. True or False: In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), the primary pathological change is the destruction of
alveolar walls.
- ANS: True
- Rationale: COPD is characterized by the destruction of
alveolar walls, leading to airflow limitation and impaired gas
exchange.
Multiple Response Questions
©2024/2025
