Solution Manual for b b
Statistics for Nursing b b
v b
B Research A Workbook b b
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v b for Evidence-Based
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v B Practice 3rd Edition
b b b
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v b Susan Grove Daisha
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,AnswerbGuidelinesbforbQuestionsbtobBebGraded
Measurement: Nominal,
b b
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1
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The questions are in bold followed by answers.
v v v v v v v
1. In Table 1, identify vthev level of measurement for the current v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
therapy variable.Provide a rationale for your answer.
v v v v v v v v
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories were
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
vusually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
vhealth problems. The current therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because v v v v v v v v v v v v
vthey cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be considered more or
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study?
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
Provide a rationale for
v your answer. v v v
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
vcardiac
patients
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed
drug for this sample.v v v
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
patients in this sample? Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or
v v v v v v v v v v v v
inappropriate.
v
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
v ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
v 2017). Ratio- level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such asthe
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
v mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017; Knapp, 2017). v v v v v v v v v v v
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a v v v v v v v v v v v v
study: What category identifies your current income as an RN?
v v v v v v v v v v
a. Less than $50,000 v v v v v
b. $50,000 to 59,999 v
c. $60,000 to 69,999 v
d. $70,000 to 80,000 v
e. $80,000 or greater v
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income
variable follow the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your v v v v v v v v v
answer.Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
level. The incomecatego- ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to
v v v v
greater than $80,000.
v
The two open-ended v v v v
,AG 1-1
v
, AG 1-2 v Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded v v v v v v
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego- ries v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
(d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
$80,000 might mark either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. v v v v v v v v v v v v v
Category (e) could be changed to greater than $80,000, making the categories
v v v v v v v v v v v v
exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lowest salary to the highest
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
al.,2017). v v
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer: The
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26- item
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants
v v v v v v v v v v v
rated their symp- toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
increased
v severity in the
v depression symptoms. The total scores for v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be at
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
the v interval level of measurementv (Gray et al., 2017; v Waltz et al., v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
2017).v
5. v Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
CDS scores for the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
youranswer. v v
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS v v v v v v v v v v v v
scores for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
(Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
v v v v v v v v
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical
v v v v v v v v v v v v
importance of this result.
v v v v
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased v v v v v v v v v v
with the greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
depressed, whereas 11% of the subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
increased, the number of sub- jects with depression increased. This is an expected
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac patients have more severe
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as depression. Nurses need to
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in higher NYHAclasses, so they
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this
v study v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
were not being treated
v with an antidepressant? Show your v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percent (%).
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this v
study. The sample included
v 15 patients who were receiving an v v v v
antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not treated for
v v v v
depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is calculated by
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
the following formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%.
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample
v v size) × 100% = v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
0.858 × 100% v= 85.8% = 86%. The finalanswer is rounded v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
to the nearest v v v v v
whole percent as directed in the question. You could have also v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and
v v v v v v v v v v v v
obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
t. What was the purpose of the 5-minute walk test (5MWT)? Would the
5MWTbe useful in clinical practice?
v v v v v v
Answer: Ha etal.(2018)stated,“The 6-minwalktest(6MWT) isameasure ofthe submaximal, steady- v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easyway
v to v v v v v v v v v v v
determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. v v
This functional status score could be used to determine the treatmentplan
v v
Statistics for Nursing b b
v b
B Research A Workbook b b
B
v b for Evidence-Based
b
v B Practice 3rd Edition
b b b
B
v b Susan Grove Daisha
b b
,AnswerbGuidelinesbforbQuestionsbtobBebGraded
Measurement: Nominal,
b b
b
b
1
b
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
v v v v v v v
1. In Table 1, identify vthev level of measurement for the current v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
therapy variable.Provide a rationale for your answer.
v v v v v v v v
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories were
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
vusually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
vhealth problems. The current therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because v v v v v v v v v v v v
vthey cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be considered more or
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study?
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
Provide a rationale for
v your answer. v v v
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
vcardiac
patients
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed
drug for this sample.v v v
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
patients in this sample? Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or
v v v v v v v v v v v v
inappropriate.
v
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
v ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
v 2017). Ratio- level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such asthe
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
v mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017; Knapp, 2017). v v v v v v v v v v v
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a v v v v v v v v v v v v
study: What category identifies your current income as an RN?
v v v v v v v v v v
a. Less than $50,000 v v v v v
b. $50,000 to 59,999 v
c. $60,000 to 69,999 v
d. $70,000 to 80,000 v
e. $80,000 or greater v
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income
variable follow the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your v v v v v v v v v
answer.Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
level. The incomecatego- ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to
v v v v
greater than $80,000.
v
The two open-ended v v v v
,AG 1-1
v
, AG 1-2 v Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded v v v v v v
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego- ries v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
(d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
$80,000 might mark either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. v v v v v v v v v v v v v
Category (e) could be changed to greater than $80,000, making the categories
v v v v v v v v v v v v
exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lowest salary to the highest
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
al.,2017). v v
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer: The
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26- item
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants
v v v v v v v v v v v
rated their symp- toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
increased
v severity in the
v depression symptoms. The total scores for v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be at
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
the v interval level of measurementv (Gray et al., 2017; v Waltz et al., v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
2017).v
5. v Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
CDS scores for the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
youranswer. v v
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS v v v v v v v v v v v v
scores for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
(Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
v v v v v v v v
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical
v v v v v v v v v v v v
importance of this result.
v v v v
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased v v v v v v v v v v
with the greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
depressed, whereas 11% of the subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
increased, the number of sub- jects with depression increased. This is an expected
v v v v v v v v v v v v v
finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac patients have more severe
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as depression. Nurses need to
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in higher NYHAclasses, so they
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this
v study v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
were not being treated
v with an antidepressant? Show your v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percent (%).
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this v
study. The sample included
v 15 patients who were receiving an v v v v
antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not treated for
v v v v
depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is calculated by
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
the following formula: (group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%.
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample
v v size) × 100% = v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
0.858 × 100% v= 85.8% = 86%. The finalanswer is rounded v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
to the nearest v v v v v
whole percent as directed in the question. You could have also v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and
v v v v v v v v v v v v
obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
t. What was the purpose of the 5-minute walk test (5MWT)? Would the
5MWTbe useful in clinical practice?
v v v v v v
Answer: Ha etal.(2018)stated,“The 6-minwalktest(6MWT) isameasure ofthe submaximal, steady- v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v v
state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easyway
v to v v v v v v v v v v v
determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. v v
This functional status score could be used to determine the treatmentplan
v v
