NURS 121 Theory Final Exam
Questions With Correct Answers
What "Pancreas" produces the hormones necessary for the metabolism and cellular
utilization of carbs, fat, and protein? - ANSWER Endocrine pancreas
What is the name for "a natural hormone your body makes that works with other
hormones and bodily functions to control glucose (sugar) levels in your blood"? -
ANSWER Glucagon
What type of cells "Secrete insulin; Facilitates movement of glucose across cell
membranes to decrease BG levels; Prevents excessive breakdown of glycogen;
Regulated by blood glucose"? - ANSWER Beta Cells
What type of cells "Produce glucagon - stimulates breakdown of glycogen in the liver,
formation of carbohydrates in liver, breakdown of lipids; Glucagon initiated when BG
falls below 70"? - ANSWER Alpha Cells
What type of cells "Secrete somatostatin; Believed to inhibit glucagon and insulin
production"? - ANSWER Delta Cells
After food is taken in, glucose triggers what organ to produce insulin? - ANSWER
Pancreas
True or False:
Glucose is released to raise blood sugar. - ANSWER True
What is "the stored form of glucose that's made up of many connected glucose
molecules"? - ANSWER Glucagon
What is a patients normal fasting blood glucose range? - ANSWER 70-120
How many hours is required for a fasting blood glucose? - ANSWER minimum 8 hours
A nurse is teaching a client who has type 1 diabetes mellitus about the peak time of
neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin. Which of the following statements by the
client indicates an understanding of the teaching?
a. "NPH insulin peaks in 1 to 5 hours"
b. "NPH insulin is peakless"
c. "NPH insulin peaks in 6 to 14 hours"
d. "NHP insulin peaks in 12 to 24 hours" - ANSWER c. "NPH insulin peaks in 6 to 14
,hours"
A nurse is caring for a client who has type 1 diabetes mellitus and reports feeling
anxious and having palpitations. the glucometer reads 50mg/dL. Which of the following
actions should the nurse take?
a. Give client 1tsp honey
b. Give 4oz apple juice
c. Give 4ox skim milk
d. give one or two tablets of glucose - ANSWER b. Give 4oz apple juice
A nurse is reviewing self-administration of insulin using a pre-filled pen with a client who
started using the pen the previous week. The client asks what can be done to help
reduce injection pain. Which of the following instructions should the nurse give the
client?
a. agitate the syringe slightly before injection
b. store the pens with the needle pointing upward
c. insert the needle slowly
d. Keep the pen at room temperature for a few minutes - ANSWER d. Keep the pen at
room temperature for a few minutes
A nurse is teaching a client who has a new diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus about
metformin. The nurse should explain that this type of medication works by which of the
following mechanism?
a. Increasing insulin secretion by the pancreas
b. Delaying carbohydrate digestion
c. Increasing the cellular response to insulin
d. Reducing hepatic glucose production - ANSWER d. Reducing hepatic glucose
production
A nurse is caring for a client who has type 1 diabetes mellitus and is in need of a
long-acting insulin preparation. The nurse anticipates receiving a prescription for which
of the following insulin?
a. insulin glargine
b. insulin aspart
c. insulin glulisine
,d. insulin lispro - ANSWER a. insulin glargine
A nurse is teaching a client who has type 1 diabetes mellitus about the use of an insulin
pump. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the teaching?
a. The pump should remain in place while bathing
b. insulin is injected intermittently based on the client's blood glucose level
c. the pump using intermediate-acting insulin
d. The risk for developing DKA can be increased with the use of an insulin pump -
ANSWER d. The risk for developing DKA can be increased with the use of an insulin
pump
A nurse is teaching a client who was recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus
how to check blood glucose levels. Which of the following instructions should the nurse
include in the teaching?
a. "Blood can be smeared from the fingertip onto the test strip"
b. "Use a syringe and needle to collect and transfer blood to test strip."
c. "To collect a sample for testing, hold the test strip next to the blood on the fingertip"
d."use a capillary tube to collect and transfer the blood from the fingertip" - ANSWER c.
"To collect a sample for testing, hold the test strip next to the blood on the fingertip"
A nurse is reviewing the results of the routine laboratory tests performed as part of a
client's annual physical examination. Which of the following values indicates a fasting
blood glucose measurement that is outside the expected reference range?
a. 78 mg/dl
b. 118 mg/dl
c. 85 mg/dl
d. 104 mg/dl - ANSWER b. 118 mg/dl
Name the Medical Diagnosis is known as a chronic condition in which the pancreas
produces little or no insulin. It typically appears in adolescence; however can appear in
any age.
Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, hunger, fatigue, and blurred
vision. - ANSWER Type 1 Diabetes
_____________________________ is a feeling of extreme, insatiable hunger. It's a common
sign of diabetes, but it can have other medical causes, such as hyperthyroidism and
atypical depression. - ANSWER Polyphagia (Hyperphagia)
, _______________________________ is a condition where the body urinates more than usual
and passes excessive or abnormally large amounts of urine each time you urinate. -
ANSWER Polyuria
_______________________________ is a term that defines the presence of reducing sugars
in the urine, such as glucose, galactose, lactose, fructose, etc. - ANSWER Glycosuria
Name the medical term for "Glucose in the Urine"? - ANSWER Glucosuria
What is the medical term for "excess thirst"? - ANSWER Polydipsia
What is the medical diagnosis name for "a metabolic state that occurs when your body
burns fat for energy instead of glucose; Body breaks down fats and protein to restore
energy sources; s/s Blurred vision, malaise, and fatigue, weight loss"? - ANSWER
Ketosis
______________________________________________ is an early-morning rise in blood sugar,
also called blood glucose, in people with diabetes. Leads to high levels of blood sugar, a
condition called hyperglycemia. It usually happens between 4 a.m. and 8 a.m. (hint:
phenomenon) - ANSWER Dawn Phenomenon
_______________________________________________ is early morning hyperglycemia occurs
due to a rebound effect from late-night hypoglycemia. (hint: phenomenon) - ANSWER
Somogyi Phenomenon
_______________________________________________ a serious complication of diabetes that
can be life-threatening; most common among people with type 1 diabetes. People with
type 2 diabetes can also develop this; develops when your body doesn't have enough
insulin to allow blood sugar into your cells for use as energy.
Four metabolic processes:
◦ 1. Hyperosmolarity from hyperglycemia and dehydration
◦ 2. Metabolic acidosis from an accumulation of ketoacidosis
◦ 3. Extracellular volume depletion from osmotic diuresis
◦ 4. Electrolyte imbalance from osmotic diuresis
**Patients are ACUTELY and SEVERELY dehydrated!!**
**Can require up to 10 L of fluid correction** - ANSWER Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
______________________________________ is increased urination due to the presence of
certain substances in the fluid filtered by the kidneys. This fluid eventually becomes
urine. The process of osmosis created by these substances cause additional water to
come into the urine, increasing its amount. - ANSWER Osmotic Diuresis
Questions With Correct Answers
What "Pancreas" produces the hormones necessary for the metabolism and cellular
utilization of carbs, fat, and protein? - ANSWER Endocrine pancreas
What is the name for "a natural hormone your body makes that works with other
hormones and bodily functions to control glucose (sugar) levels in your blood"? -
ANSWER Glucagon
What type of cells "Secrete insulin; Facilitates movement of glucose across cell
membranes to decrease BG levels; Prevents excessive breakdown of glycogen;
Regulated by blood glucose"? - ANSWER Beta Cells
What type of cells "Produce glucagon - stimulates breakdown of glycogen in the liver,
formation of carbohydrates in liver, breakdown of lipids; Glucagon initiated when BG
falls below 70"? - ANSWER Alpha Cells
What type of cells "Secrete somatostatin; Believed to inhibit glucagon and insulin
production"? - ANSWER Delta Cells
After food is taken in, glucose triggers what organ to produce insulin? - ANSWER
Pancreas
True or False:
Glucose is released to raise blood sugar. - ANSWER True
What is "the stored form of glucose that's made up of many connected glucose
molecules"? - ANSWER Glucagon
What is a patients normal fasting blood glucose range? - ANSWER 70-120
How many hours is required for a fasting blood glucose? - ANSWER minimum 8 hours
A nurse is teaching a client who has type 1 diabetes mellitus about the peak time of
neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin. Which of the following statements by the
client indicates an understanding of the teaching?
a. "NPH insulin peaks in 1 to 5 hours"
b. "NPH insulin is peakless"
c. "NPH insulin peaks in 6 to 14 hours"
d. "NHP insulin peaks in 12 to 24 hours" - ANSWER c. "NPH insulin peaks in 6 to 14
,hours"
A nurse is caring for a client who has type 1 diabetes mellitus and reports feeling
anxious and having palpitations. the glucometer reads 50mg/dL. Which of the following
actions should the nurse take?
a. Give client 1tsp honey
b. Give 4oz apple juice
c. Give 4ox skim milk
d. give one or two tablets of glucose - ANSWER b. Give 4oz apple juice
A nurse is reviewing self-administration of insulin using a pre-filled pen with a client who
started using the pen the previous week. The client asks what can be done to help
reduce injection pain. Which of the following instructions should the nurse give the
client?
a. agitate the syringe slightly before injection
b. store the pens with the needle pointing upward
c. insert the needle slowly
d. Keep the pen at room temperature for a few minutes - ANSWER d. Keep the pen at
room temperature for a few minutes
A nurse is teaching a client who has a new diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus about
metformin. The nurse should explain that this type of medication works by which of the
following mechanism?
a. Increasing insulin secretion by the pancreas
b. Delaying carbohydrate digestion
c. Increasing the cellular response to insulin
d. Reducing hepatic glucose production - ANSWER d. Reducing hepatic glucose
production
A nurse is caring for a client who has type 1 diabetes mellitus and is in need of a
long-acting insulin preparation. The nurse anticipates receiving a prescription for which
of the following insulin?
a. insulin glargine
b. insulin aspart
c. insulin glulisine
,d. insulin lispro - ANSWER a. insulin glargine
A nurse is teaching a client who has type 1 diabetes mellitus about the use of an insulin
pump. Which of the following information should the nurse include in the teaching?
a. The pump should remain in place while bathing
b. insulin is injected intermittently based on the client's blood glucose level
c. the pump using intermediate-acting insulin
d. The risk for developing DKA can be increased with the use of an insulin pump -
ANSWER d. The risk for developing DKA can be increased with the use of an insulin
pump
A nurse is teaching a client who was recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus
how to check blood glucose levels. Which of the following instructions should the nurse
include in the teaching?
a. "Blood can be smeared from the fingertip onto the test strip"
b. "Use a syringe and needle to collect and transfer blood to test strip."
c. "To collect a sample for testing, hold the test strip next to the blood on the fingertip"
d."use a capillary tube to collect and transfer the blood from the fingertip" - ANSWER c.
"To collect a sample for testing, hold the test strip next to the blood on the fingertip"
A nurse is reviewing the results of the routine laboratory tests performed as part of a
client's annual physical examination. Which of the following values indicates a fasting
blood glucose measurement that is outside the expected reference range?
a. 78 mg/dl
b. 118 mg/dl
c. 85 mg/dl
d. 104 mg/dl - ANSWER b. 118 mg/dl
Name the Medical Diagnosis is known as a chronic condition in which the pancreas
produces little or no insulin. It typically appears in adolescence; however can appear in
any age.
Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, hunger, fatigue, and blurred
vision. - ANSWER Type 1 Diabetes
_____________________________ is a feeling of extreme, insatiable hunger. It's a common
sign of diabetes, but it can have other medical causes, such as hyperthyroidism and
atypical depression. - ANSWER Polyphagia (Hyperphagia)
, _______________________________ is a condition where the body urinates more than usual
and passes excessive or abnormally large amounts of urine each time you urinate. -
ANSWER Polyuria
_______________________________ is a term that defines the presence of reducing sugars
in the urine, such as glucose, galactose, lactose, fructose, etc. - ANSWER Glycosuria
Name the medical term for "Glucose in the Urine"? - ANSWER Glucosuria
What is the medical term for "excess thirst"? - ANSWER Polydipsia
What is the medical diagnosis name for "a metabolic state that occurs when your body
burns fat for energy instead of glucose; Body breaks down fats and protein to restore
energy sources; s/s Blurred vision, malaise, and fatigue, weight loss"? - ANSWER
Ketosis
______________________________________________ is an early-morning rise in blood sugar,
also called blood glucose, in people with diabetes. Leads to high levels of blood sugar, a
condition called hyperglycemia. It usually happens between 4 a.m. and 8 a.m. (hint:
phenomenon) - ANSWER Dawn Phenomenon
_______________________________________________ is early morning hyperglycemia occurs
due to a rebound effect from late-night hypoglycemia. (hint: phenomenon) - ANSWER
Somogyi Phenomenon
_______________________________________________ a serious complication of diabetes that
can be life-threatening; most common among people with type 1 diabetes. People with
type 2 diabetes can also develop this; develops when your body doesn't have enough
insulin to allow blood sugar into your cells for use as energy.
Four metabolic processes:
◦ 1. Hyperosmolarity from hyperglycemia and dehydration
◦ 2. Metabolic acidosis from an accumulation of ketoacidosis
◦ 3. Extracellular volume depletion from osmotic diuresis
◦ 4. Electrolyte imbalance from osmotic diuresis
**Patients are ACUTELY and SEVERELY dehydrated!!**
**Can require up to 10 L of fluid correction** - ANSWER Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
______________________________________ is increased urination due to the presence of
certain substances in the fluid filtered by the kidneys. This fluid eventually becomes
urine. The process of osmosis created by these substances cause additional water to
come into the urine, increasing its amount. - ANSWER Osmotic Diuresis
