PSC Final Exam Questions and
Complete Solutions Graded A+
Confucianism - Answer: Original ideological/semi-religious faith in China. Contained meritocracy and the
Mandate of Heaven.
Warlord Period - Answer: 1912-1949. Foreign occupation and civil war between GMD, CPC, Japan, and
Cliques
Sun Yat-sen's Ideas - Answer: Nationalism, expelling foreign influence, rights of the people (eventual
transition to democracy), renovation/construction of public works.
Mao's ideals - Answer: Mass line (rule of the masses), campaigns (Great Leap Forward), class struggle,
and simple living
Chinese Communist Party organization - Answer: Gen. secretary > Standing Com. > Politburo >
CenComm > National Party Congress > lower levels
National Party Congress elections - Answer: 5 years. CenComm meets biannualy.
China's governmental organization - Answer: Standing Comm. (separate from CPC) above National
People's Congress. Pres is usually GenSec. Below them are premiers and Vpremiers (elected by NPeC).
China's challenges - Answer: population growth, corruption, removal of safety nets, pollution, ineffective
SOEs, growing urbanization
Endogenous democracy - Answer: As wealth rises, it becomes more difficult to manage auth. regimes.
Type of growth matters. Investiment as opposed to commodity growth leads to easy transitions. Discuss
economic interplay
Prebendalism - Answer: A process where "quid pro quo," nepotism, favoritism, and corruption affect
policy-making. Compare with competitive authoritarianism based on ethnic clients.
, Brazil's military - Answer: Substantially independent from legislature and President. Has caused multiple
coups, including the 1930 one that brought Vargas to power.
Getulio Vargas - Answer: Dictator of Brazil 1930-1945 and briefly afterwards. Centralized Brazilian state
(as did military juntas).
National Bank for Economic and Social Development - Answer: Technocratic and efficient arm of the
Brazilian state that organized SOEs, but now helps driving centralization.
Brazilian police - Answer: Nominally independent, in practice under military control or influence.
Clientelism - Answer: A process where "quid pro quo," nepotism, favoritism, and corruption affect
policy-making. Compare with competitive authoritarianism
Federation of Sao Paulo Businesses - Answer: Brazilian NGO that regulates almost all business in Brazil.
Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva - Answer: Workers Party (PT) President from 2003 to 2011. Mixed economy with
strategic SOEs and safety nets.
Juntas and economy - Answer: Militaries try to nationalize the country's economies and natural
resources. Path to elitism in the economy.
Brazilian economic miracle - Answer: Brazil's junta was one of the few to //grow// the economy
under/after junta by using Import Substitution Industrialization
Import Substitute Industrialization - Answer: Trade and economic policy based on premise that a country
should substitute imported products with locally produced substitutes. Mercantilist
(restrictive/nationalistic) policy.
Benefits of Import Substitute Industrialization - Answer: Increases domestic employment; reduces
foreign dependence; more resilient to global market shocks; increases development of more diversified
economy
Complete Solutions Graded A+
Confucianism - Answer: Original ideological/semi-religious faith in China. Contained meritocracy and the
Mandate of Heaven.
Warlord Period - Answer: 1912-1949. Foreign occupation and civil war between GMD, CPC, Japan, and
Cliques
Sun Yat-sen's Ideas - Answer: Nationalism, expelling foreign influence, rights of the people (eventual
transition to democracy), renovation/construction of public works.
Mao's ideals - Answer: Mass line (rule of the masses), campaigns (Great Leap Forward), class struggle,
and simple living
Chinese Communist Party organization - Answer: Gen. secretary > Standing Com. > Politburo >
CenComm > National Party Congress > lower levels
National Party Congress elections - Answer: 5 years. CenComm meets biannualy.
China's governmental organization - Answer: Standing Comm. (separate from CPC) above National
People's Congress. Pres is usually GenSec. Below them are premiers and Vpremiers (elected by NPeC).
China's challenges - Answer: population growth, corruption, removal of safety nets, pollution, ineffective
SOEs, growing urbanization
Endogenous democracy - Answer: As wealth rises, it becomes more difficult to manage auth. regimes.
Type of growth matters. Investiment as opposed to commodity growth leads to easy transitions. Discuss
economic interplay
Prebendalism - Answer: A process where "quid pro quo," nepotism, favoritism, and corruption affect
policy-making. Compare with competitive authoritarianism based on ethnic clients.
, Brazil's military - Answer: Substantially independent from legislature and President. Has caused multiple
coups, including the 1930 one that brought Vargas to power.
Getulio Vargas - Answer: Dictator of Brazil 1930-1945 and briefly afterwards. Centralized Brazilian state
(as did military juntas).
National Bank for Economic and Social Development - Answer: Technocratic and efficient arm of the
Brazilian state that organized SOEs, but now helps driving centralization.
Brazilian police - Answer: Nominally independent, in practice under military control or influence.
Clientelism - Answer: A process where "quid pro quo," nepotism, favoritism, and corruption affect
policy-making. Compare with competitive authoritarianism
Federation of Sao Paulo Businesses - Answer: Brazilian NGO that regulates almost all business in Brazil.
Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva - Answer: Workers Party (PT) President from 2003 to 2011. Mixed economy with
strategic SOEs and safety nets.
Juntas and economy - Answer: Militaries try to nationalize the country's economies and natural
resources. Path to elitism in the economy.
Brazilian economic miracle - Answer: Brazil's junta was one of the few to //grow// the economy
under/after junta by using Import Substitution Industrialization
Import Substitute Industrialization - Answer: Trade and economic policy based on premise that a country
should substitute imported products with locally produced substitutes. Mercantilist
(restrictive/nationalistic) policy.
Benefits of Import Substitute Industrialization - Answer: Increases domestic employment; reduces
foreign dependence; more resilient to global market shocks; increases development of more diversified
economy
