1. Which of the following is the most common cause of left-sided
heart failure?
A) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
B) Myocardial infarction (MI)
C) Pulmonary embolism
D) Chronic kidney disease
Answer: B) Myocardial infarction (MI)
Rationale:
Myocardial infarction (MI) leads to damage to the heart muscle,
impairing the heart's ability to pump blood effectively. This is the most
common cause of left-sided heart failure. COPD, pulmonary embolism,
and chronic kidney disease can contribute to heart failure, but they are
not as commonly linked to left-sided heart failure as MI.
2. What is the hallmark pathophysiological event in the development
of atherosclerosis?
A) Formation of a clot in the blood vessel
B) Endothelial injury and inflammation
C) Increased vascular permeability
D) Smooth muscle atrophy
Answer: B) Endothelial injury and inflammation
Rationale:
Atherosclerosis begins with endothelial injury, which triggers an
inflammatory response that promotes the accumulation of lipids,
particularly low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and inflammatory cells
within the vessel wall. This results in the formation of plaques,
narrowing the arteries over time.
,3. Which of the following is most characteristic of the pathophysiology
of asthma?
A) Hyperplasia of smooth muscle cells
B) Decreased mucus production
C) Vasoconstriction of the bronchial vessels
D) Destruction of alveolar walls
Answer: A) Hyperplasia of smooth muscle cells
Rationale:
In asthma, the bronchial smooth muscle undergoes hyperplasia and
hypertrophy, leading to bronchoconstriction. Inflammation and
increased mucus production also play a key role in asthma
pathophysiology, but hyperplasia of smooth muscle is particularly
characteristic.
4. Which of the following best describes the underlying cause of type
1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)?
A) Insulin resistance
B) Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas
C) Obesity-induced glucose intolerance
D) Impaired insulin secretion due to aging
Answer: B) Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas
Rationale:
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by an autoimmune response that
targets and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
This leads to insulin deficiency. Insulin resistance, obesity, and aging are
related to type 2 diabetes.
, 5. What is the primary mechanism responsible for the development of
acute pancreatitis?
A) Chronic alcohol consumption
B) Gallstones obstructing the pancreatic duct
C) Bacterial infection of the pancreas
D) Decreased bile acid production
Answer: B) Gallstones obstructing the pancreatic duct
Rationale:
Gallstones blocking the pancreatic duct is the most common cause of
acute pancreatitis. This obstruction leads to the backup of pancreatic
enzymes into the pancreas, causing inflammation and damage. Chronic
alcohol consumption can also contribute, but the primary mechanism is
obstruction of the duct.
6. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), the elevation of serum creatinine is
a result of:
A) Increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
B) Decreased excretion of waste products
C) Decreased tubular reabsorption of sodium
D) Increased renal perfusion
Answer: B) Decreased excretion of waste products
Rationale:
In CKD, the glomeruli are damaged, leading to a reduced GFR. This
results in the kidneys' inability to filter waste products effectively,
causing an increase in serum creatinine levels. The other options are
not consistent with the pathophysiology of CKD.
heart failure?
A) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
B) Myocardial infarction (MI)
C) Pulmonary embolism
D) Chronic kidney disease
Answer: B) Myocardial infarction (MI)
Rationale:
Myocardial infarction (MI) leads to damage to the heart muscle,
impairing the heart's ability to pump blood effectively. This is the most
common cause of left-sided heart failure. COPD, pulmonary embolism,
and chronic kidney disease can contribute to heart failure, but they are
not as commonly linked to left-sided heart failure as MI.
2. What is the hallmark pathophysiological event in the development
of atherosclerosis?
A) Formation of a clot in the blood vessel
B) Endothelial injury and inflammation
C) Increased vascular permeability
D) Smooth muscle atrophy
Answer: B) Endothelial injury and inflammation
Rationale:
Atherosclerosis begins with endothelial injury, which triggers an
inflammatory response that promotes the accumulation of lipids,
particularly low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and inflammatory cells
within the vessel wall. This results in the formation of plaques,
narrowing the arteries over time.
,3. Which of the following is most characteristic of the pathophysiology
of asthma?
A) Hyperplasia of smooth muscle cells
B) Decreased mucus production
C) Vasoconstriction of the bronchial vessels
D) Destruction of alveolar walls
Answer: A) Hyperplasia of smooth muscle cells
Rationale:
In asthma, the bronchial smooth muscle undergoes hyperplasia and
hypertrophy, leading to bronchoconstriction. Inflammation and
increased mucus production also play a key role in asthma
pathophysiology, but hyperplasia of smooth muscle is particularly
characteristic.
4. Which of the following best describes the underlying cause of type
1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)?
A) Insulin resistance
B) Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas
C) Obesity-induced glucose intolerance
D) Impaired insulin secretion due to aging
Answer: B) Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas
Rationale:
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by an autoimmune response that
targets and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
This leads to insulin deficiency. Insulin resistance, obesity, and aging are
related to type 2 diabetes.
, 5. What is the primary mechanism responsible for the development of
acute pancreatitis?
A) Chronic alcohol consumption
B) Gallstones obstructing the pancreatic duct
C) Bacterial infection of the pancreas
D) Decreased bile acid production
Answer: B) Gallstones obstructing the pancreatic duct
Rationale:
Gallstones blocking the pancreatic duct is the most common cause of
acute pancreatitis. This obstruction leads to the backup of pancreatic
enzymes into the pancreas, causing inflammation and damage. Chronic
alcohol consumption can also contribute, but the primary mechanism is
obstruction of the duct.
6. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), the elevation of serum creatinine is
a result of:
A) Increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
B) Decreased excretion of waste products
C) Decreased tubular reabsorption of sodium
D) Increased renal perfusion
Answer: B) Decreased excretion of waste products
Rationale:
In CKD, the glomeruli are damaged, leading to a reduced GFR. This
results in the kidneys' inability to filter waste products effectively,
causing an increase in serum creatinine levels. The other options are
not consistent with the pathophysiology of CKD.
