©Jason MacConnell 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Third Exam for CHSO 404 Questions With
Correct Answers A+
Function of the cardiovascular system - Answer✔-transport: nutrients, wastes
-communication: hormones
-immunity: lymphocytes
-coagulation: clotting factors
-body temperature
mechanism of transport: bulk flow vs diffusion
structure of the cardiovascular system - Answer✔-heart - pump
-located in thoracic cavity
-encased by fibrous sac - the pericardium
-circulatory system
-arteries
-arterioles
-capillaries
-venules
-veins
-2 circulations
-pulmonary
-systemic
heart structure - Answer✔-5 vessels
-superior and inferior vena cava
-pulmonary artery
, ©Jason MacConnell 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-pulmonary vein
-aorta
-4 ventricles
-2 atria
-2 ventricules
-4 valves
-pulmonic and aortic valve
-tricuspid (R) and mitral (L) aka atrioventricular valve
-blood supply to heart is through the coronary vessels that directly branch off the aorta
heart innervation - Answer✔-sympathetic innervation generally stimulates heart
-beta1 adrenergic receptors respond to norepi
-parasympathetic innervation generally inhibits heart
-muscarinic receptors respond to acetylcholine
-innvervates the SA and AV nodes as well as ventricular heard muscle
cardiac conducting system - Answer✔-contraction of heart muscle leads to depolarization that
spreads through conducting myocytes connected by gap junctions
-the pattern of electrical transmission is via SA node, preferred pathways, AV node, bundle of
His, R/L bundle branches and Purkinje fibers
-wave of depolarization spreads to contracting myocytes to coordinate cardiac contraction
cardiac conducting system ecg - Answer✔-the ECG evaluates the electrical events in the heart
-it measures conductance at skin surface across the heart
-major landmarks include
-the P wave (atrial depolarization)
-QRS complex (ventricular depolarization)
-T wave (ventricular repolarization)
-it can be used to detect cardiac arrhythmias
, ©Jason MacConnell 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
cardiac arrhythmias - Answer✔-cardiac arrhythmias are caused by alteration in electrical events
in the heart that may alter heart function
-altered automaticity
-partial depolarization that may alter the intrinsic rate of the SA node
-there may be changes in heart rate
-bradyarrhythmias
-tachyarrhythmias
-there may be dysrhythmias, beats may be
-premature
-blocked
-ectopic
-these may include
-tachycardia
-afib
-heart block
-vfib
the cardiac cycle - Answer✔-mechanical events in the heart correspond to electrical events
-the cardiac cycle describes the movement of blood through the heart
-blood moves from a region of high to low pressure (bulk flow)
-it is broadly divided into systole and diastole
-systole is further divided into isovolumetric ventricular contraction and ventricular ejection
-diastole is further divided into isovolumetric ventricular relaxation and ventricular filling
circulatory system - Answer✔-the heart functions as a pump that generates blood flow
-a pressure gradient is required for blood flow
, ©Jason MacConnell 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-relationship described by Ohm's law
-resistance impedes flow
-resistance to flow is described by Poiseuille's law
-the radius of the blood vessel is the more important variable
overview of circulation - Answer✔-blood vessels include
-arteries
-arterioles
-capillaries
-venules
-veins
-structure of blood vessel wall includes
-tunica intima (endothelium)
-tunica media (smooth muscle)
-tunica externa (connective tissue)
arteries - Answer✔-arteries are low resistance vessels that serve as conduits for blood flow
-arteries have high compliance and are easily stretched
-arteries function as pressure reservoirs that maintain blood flow during diastole
-elastic arteries are closer to the heart and easily distend
-muscular arteries are closer to arterioles and have more smooth muscle
arterioles - Answer✔-regulate blood flow and distribution by changing the radius
-signals that alter vessel radius may be extrinsic or intrinsic
-mechanisms of intrinsic control include active hyperemia, flow auto regulation, reactive
hyperemia and response to injury
-essentially local control involves "sensing" metabolic or pressure changes to make adjustments
at the site directly
-mechanisms of extrinsic control include the autonomic nervous system or hormones
-the most important control signals include sympathetic nervous system, epinephrine,
angiotensin II/ADH, ANP, prostacyclin, and EDRF
Third Exam for CHSO 404 Questions With
Correct Answers A+
Function of the cardiovascular system - Answer✔-transport: nutrients, wastes
-communication: hormones
-immunity: lymphocytes
-coagulation: clotting factors
-body temperature
mechanism of transport: bulk flow vs diffusion
structure of the cardiovascular system - Answer✔-heart - pump
-located in thoracic cavity
-encased by fibrous sac - the pericardium
-circulatory system
-arteries
-arterioles
-capillaries
-venules
-veins
-2 circulations
-pulmonary
-systemic
heart structure - Answer✔-5 vessels
-superior and inferior vena cava
-pulmonary artery
, ©Jason MacConnell 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-pulmonary vein
-aorta
-4 ventricles
-2 atria
-2 ventricules
-4 valves
-pulmonic and aortic valve
-tricuspid (R) and mitral (L) aka atrioventricular valve
-blood supply to heart is through the coronary vessels that directly branch off the aorta
heart innervation - Answer✔-sympathetic innervation generally stimulates heart
-beta1 adrenergic receptors respond to norepi
-parasympathetic innervation generally inhibits heart
-muscarinic receptors respond to acetylcholine
-innvervates the SA and AV nodes as well as ventricular heard muscle
cardiac conducting system - Answer✔-contraction of heart muscle leads to depolarization that
spreads through conducting myocytes connected by gap junctions
-the pattern of electrical transmission is via SA node, preferred pathways, AV node, bundle of
His, R/L bundle branches and Purkinje fibers
-wave of depolarization spreads to contracting myocytes to coordinate cardiac contraction
cardiac conducting system ecg - Answer✔-the ECG evaluates the electrical events in the heart
-it measures conductance at skin surface across the heart
-major landmarks include
-the P wave (atrial depolarization)
-QRS complex (ventricular depolarization)
-T wave (ventricular repolarization)
-it can be used to detect cardiac arrhythmias
, ©Jason MacConnell 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
cardiac arrhythmias - Answer✔-cardiac arrhythmias are caused by alteration in electrical events
in the heart that may alter heart function
-altered automaticity
-partial depolarization that may alter the intrinsic rate of the SA node
-there may be changes in heart rate
-bradyarrhythmias
-tachyarrhythmias
-there may be dysrhythmias, beats may be
-premature
-blocked
-ectopic
-these may include
-tachycardia
-afib
-heart block
-vfib
the cardiac cycle - Answer✔-mechanical events in the heart correspond to electrical events
-the cardiac cycle describes the movement of blood through the heart
-blood moves from a region of high to low pressure (bulk flow)
-it is broadly divided into systole and diastole
-systole is further divided into isovolumetric ventricular contraction and ventricular ejection
-diastole is further divided into isovolumetric ventricular relaxation and ventricular filling
circulatory system - Answer✔-the heart functions as a pump that generates blood flow
-a pressure gradient is required for blood flow
, ©Jason MacConnell 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
-relationship described by Ohm's law
-resistance impedes flow
-resistance to flow is described by Poiseuille's law
-the radius of the blood vessel is the more important variable
overview of circulation - Answer✔-blood vessels include
-arteries
-arterioles
-capillaries
-venules
-veins
-structure of blood vessel wall includes
-tunica intima (endothelium)
-tunica media (smooth muscle)
-tunica externa (connective tissue)
arteries - Answer✔-arteries are low resistance vessels that serve as conduits for blood flow
-arteries have high compliance and are easily stretched
-arteries function as pressure reservoirs that maintain blood flow during diastole
-elastic arteries are closer to the heart and easily distend
-muscular arteries are closer to arterioles and have more smooth muscle
arterioles - Answer✔-regulate blood flow and distribution by changing the radius
-signals that alter vessel radius may be extrinsic or intrinsic
-mechanisms of intrinsic control include active hyperemia, flow auto regulation, reactive
hyperemia and response to injury
-essentially local control involves "sensing" metabolic or pressure changes to make adjustments
at the site directly
-mechanisms of extrinsic control include the autonomic nervous system or hormones
-the most important control signals include sympathetic nervous system, epinephrine,
angiotensin II/ADH, ANP, prostacyclin, and EDRF
