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samenvatting sociologie

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samenvatting sociologie (cursus + ppt's en nota's uit de les)

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January 3, 2025
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2023/2024
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SOCIOLOGIE
Samenvatting SEM1 2023-2024




Cleymans Lotte

, 1



Sociologie

Inhoudsopgave

Sociologie als wetenschap .............................................................................................................................. 4

Wat is sociologie? ................................................................................................................................................ 4

Voorlopers – ontstaan ......................................................................................................................................... 4

Na middeleeuwen ................................................................................................................................................ 4

Grondleggers ....................................................................................................................................................... 5
IBN KHALDOUN ............................................................................................................................................... 5
EMILE DURKHEIM ............................................................................................................................................ 5
MAX WEBER .................................................................................................................................................... 5
KARL MARKX .................................................................................................................................................... 5

Noodzaak van dit vak .......................................................................................................................................... 5

Taken van een socioloog ..................................................................................................................................... 6
Oefening !!! (zie onderzoek ontwikkelingssector)........................................................................................... 6
Waardenvrijheid .............................................................................................................................................. 6

Sociale problemen ............................................................................................................................................... 6

Basisprincipes ...................................................................................................................................................... 6

Sociaal bewustzijn .......................................................................................................................................... 7

Sociaal bewustzijn ............................................................................................................................................... 7

Theorie van het ‘looking-glass-self’ ..................................................................................................................... 7
Eigen rol in vormen van zelfbeeld ................................................................................................................... 7
Looking-glass-self beïnvloed ons gedrag ......................................................................................................... 7

Symbolisch interactionisme ................................................................................................................................. 8

Symbolisch gedrag............................................................................................................................................... 8

Rol van referentiekaders ..................................................................................................................................... 8

Verwachtingen en voorspellingen ....................................................................................................................... 8

Self-fulfilling prophecy ......................................................................................................................................... 8

Self-defeating prophecy....................................................................................................................................... 9

Stigmatisering en slachtofferdenken ................................................................................................................... 9

Blaming the victim ............................................................................................................................................... 9

Risico van reductie ............................................................................................................................................... 9

Groeperingen................................................................................................................................................ 10

Wie ben ik? ........................................................................................................................................................ 10

, 2

Groeperingen als contextuele factor ................................................................................................................. 10
Gedrag beïnvloed door groepering ............................................................................................................... 10
Oordeel over andere beïnvloed door groepering ......................................................................................... 10
Zelfbeeld beïnvloed door groepering (sociale identiteit) .............................................................................. 10

Wat is groepering? ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Hoe onderscheiden we soorten groeperingen .............................................................................................. 11

Typologie van groeperingen .............................................................................................................................. 11
Merton (1986) ............................................................................................................................................... 11
4 types van groeperingen (EXAMENVRAAG) ................................................................................................. 11
Primaire groep/ face-to-face-groep .............................................................................................................. 12
Secundaire groep........................................................................................................................................... 12
Collectiviteit................................................................................................................................................... 12
Sociale categorie ........................................................................................................................................... 12

De massa ........................................................................................................................................................... 12
Wat is de rol van massamedia en hun impact op gedrag, denkbeelden, interactie?.................................... 13
De sociale media ........................................................................................................................................... 13

Wat is de betekenis van sociale groeperingen?................................................................................................. 14
Betekenis voor de samenleving ..................................................................................................................... 14

Het maatschappelijk middenveld ...................................................................................................................... 15
De rollen ........................................................................................................................................................ 15

Oefening groeperingen...................................................................................................................................... 16

Sociale structuur ........................................................................................................................................... 17

Sociale structuur ................................................................................................................................................ 17

De positie binnen een groepering = sociale positie ........................................................................................... 18

Positie-set .......................................................................................................................................................... 18

De sociale rol ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
Rollenconflict ................................................................................................................................................. 18

Sociale status ..................................................................................................................................................... 19

Macht VERSUS andere dynamieken .................................................................................................................. 19

Sociale differentiatie en ongelijkheid ................................................................................................................ 19
Integratie en diffrentiatie .............................................................................................................................. 19
Vormen van ongelijkheid............................................................................................................................... 20

Kruispunt denken ............................................................................................................................................... 20

Sociale stratificatie ............................................................................................................................................ 21
Systeme – STANDEN ...................................................................................................................................... 21
Systemen – KASTEN....................................................................................................................................... 21
Systeem – KLASSE .......................................................................................................................................... 22
Systeem – RANGEN ....................................................................................................................................... 22

Menselijke structuur ..................................................................................................................................... 23

, 3

Brede invulling: wat in ons hoofd zit + resultaten daarvan ............................................................................... 23
Lichaamstaal .................................................................................................................................................. 23
Cultuur evolueert .......................................................................................................................................... 24

Normatieve cultuur ........................................................................................................................................... 24
Waarden ........................................................................................................................................................ 24
Normen ......................................................................................................................................................... 24
Uit 1 waarde = meerdere normen mogelijk .................................................................................................. 24

Cultuur zorgt voor duurzaamheid en gelijkvormigheid ..................................................................................... 24

Cultuursensitief werken ..................................................................................................................................... 25

Socialisatie ......................................................................................................................................................... 25
Belang van socialisatie................................................................................................................................... 25
DOWNSIDE – internaliseren van onderdrukking ........................................................................................... 26

Conform VS afwijkend gedrag ....................................................................................................................... 27

Conformiteit ...................................................................................................................................................... 27
SOLOMON ASCH ............................................................................................................................................ 27
oorzaken van conformeren ........................................................................................................................... 27
Beperkende factoren voor conformisme ...................................................................................................... 28
1 persoon als drager van maatschappelijke waarden ................................................................................... 28
waarom conformeren wij? ............................................................................................................................ 28
Nadeel? ......................................................................................................................................................... 28

Deviant gedrag .................................................................................................................................................. 28
Deviant is relatief .......................................................................................................................................... 29
Reacties op deviant gedrag ........................................................................................................................... 29

Criminologische stromingen.......................................................................................................................... 30

Verklaringen voor criminologisch gedrag .......................................................................................................... 30

Biologische & psychologische theoriën.............................................................................................................. 30
Cesare Lombroso als pionier ......................................................................................................................... 30
Hedendaagse biologische deviantietheoriën ................................................................................................ 30
Behandeling afwijkend gedrag ...................................................................................................................... 31

Sociologische verklaringen ................................................................................................................................ 31

7 sociologische verklarende theorieën .............................................................................................................. 31
Anomietheorie Durkheim = criminaliteit is functioneel ................................................................................ 31
Anomietheorie Merton = wanneer doelen en middelen niet op elkaar zijn afgestemd ............................... 31
Witte boordencriminaliteit............................................................................................................................ 33
Differentiële associatietheorie: crimineel zijn moet je leren ........................................................................ 33
Deliquente subsultuertheorie van Cohen ..................................................................................................... 34
Labelingtheorie van Becker ........................................................................................................................... 34
Sociale controletheorie van Hirschi ............................................................................................................... 35
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