INLEIDING IN DE
PSYCHOLOGIE
Samenvatting SEM1 2023-2024
Cleymans Lotte
, 1
Inleiding in de psychologie
Inhoudsopgave
Psychologie als wetenschap ............................................................................................................................ 6
Wat is psychologie ............................................................................................................................................... 6
Wetenschappelijke studie ............................................................................................................................... 6
Wetenschappelijke studie: onderzoeksmethode ............................................................................................ 7
De psychologie ................................................................................................................................................ 7
S O R ................................................................................................................................................................ 8
Hulpbron voor sociaal-cultureel werkers ........................................................................................................ 8
Subdomeinen ....................................................................................................................................................... 8
Functieleer – algemene psychologie ............................................................................................................... 8
Persoonlijkheidsleer ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Neuropsychologie............................................................................................................................................ 9
Sociale psychologie ......................................................................................................................................... 9
Levenslooppsychologie ................................................................................................................................... 9
Subdomeinen hebben verschillende finaliteiten/ doelstellingen ....................................................................... 10
Theoretische psychologie .............................................................................................................................. 10
Toegepaste prsychologie ............................................................................................................................... 10
Oefening: subdomeinen: doelstellingen ............................................................................................................ 10
Stromingen: .................................................................................................................................................. 10
Psychodynamische benadering (stroming) .................................................................................................... 10
Oefening ............................................................................................................................................................ 10
Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................................. 11
Psycho-dynamische benadering ........................................................................................................................ 11
Mensbeeld ......................................................................................................................................................... 12
Visie op gedrag .................................................................................................................................................. 12
Bewustzijnsniveaus............................................................................................................................................ 12
Uitgangspunten ................................................................................................................................................. 13
Vrije associatie................................................................................................................................................... 14
Eros en thanatos ................................................................................................................................................ 14
Ontstaan persoonlijkheidsstructuur: ES – ICH – ÜBERICH ................................................................................. 14
Leertheoretische benadering (stroming) ....................................................................................................... 15
Nature (genen) .................................................................................................................................................. 15
, 2
Nurture .............................................................................................................................................................. 16
Transactioneel model ........................................................................................................................................ 16
John B. Watson .................................................................................................................................................. 16
Uitgangspunten leertheoretische benadering ................................................................................................... 17
Centraal concept : stimulus of prikkel = S .......................................................................................................... 17
Centraal concept : respons = R .......................................................................................................................... 17
Behaviorisme = klassieke conditionering ........................................................................................................... 17
OS – OR – NS – CS – CR ...................................................................................................................................... 18
OS = ongeconditioneerde stimulus ............................................................................................................... 18
OR = ongeconditioneerde respons ................................................................................................................ 18
NS = neutrale stimulus .................................................................................................................................. 18
CS = geconditioneerde stimulus .................................................................................................................... 18
CR = geconditioneerde respons..................................................................................................................... 18
Voorbeeld ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Pavlov Ivan ........................................................................................................................................................ 19
Klassieke conditionering .................................................................................................................................... 20
Krachtlijnen KC .................................................................................................................................................. 21
Principes van klassieke conditionering .............................................................................................................. 21
Uitdoving ....................................................................................................................................................... 21
Herconditionering ......................................................................................................................................... 21
Signaalfunctie ................................................................................................................................................ 21
Continuïteit.................................................................................................................................................... 21
Contingentie (cognitieve benadering) ........................................................................................................... 21
Prikkelveralgemening .................................................................................................................................... 22
Prikkeldiscriminatie ....................................................................................................................................... 22
Oefening examen! ......................................................................................................................................... 22
In de praktijk ...................................................................................................................................................... 22
In therapie ......................................................................................................................................................... 23
Placebo-effect is een klassieke conditionering .................................................................................................. 23
Oefening ! .......................................................................................................................................................... 24
Behaviorisme = operante conditionering .......................................................................................................... 24
Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) ..................................................................................................................... 24
Burrhus Skinner (1904-1990) ........................................................................................................................ 24
Operante conditionering ............................................................................................................................... 24
Wet van het effect – PUZZLE BOX...................................................................................................................... 25
Wat is operante conditionering? ................................................................................................................... 25
Bekrachtiging - Skinnerbox ................................................................................................................................ 26
Straf – Skinnerbox.............................................................................................................................................. 26
Wetenschappelijke bedenkingen over straffen ............................................................................................ 26
, 3
Leerprincipes operante conditionering .............................................................................................................. 27
Wet van effect ............................................................................................................................................... 27
Bekrachtigingen belonen en straffen ............................................................................................................ 27
Continuïteit.................................................................................................................................................... 27
Contingentie .................................................................................................................................................. 27
Prikkeldiscriminatie ....................................................................................................................................... 27
Prikkelveralgemening of generalisatie .......................................................................................................... 27
Uitdoving of extinctie .................................................................................................................................... 27
Tussentijdse/ partiële .................................................................................................................................... 27
Shaping .......................................................................................................................................................... 27
Operante conditionering in de praktijk.............................................................................................................. 28
Verschil klassieke en operante conditionering .................................................................................................. 28
Aangeleerde hulpeloosheid ............................................................................................................................... 29
Kritiek behaviorisme .......................................................................................................................................... 30
Inzichtelijk leren ................................................................................................................................................. 30
Wolfgang Kohler ............................................................................................................................................ 30
Traditionele leertheoretisch model (behaviorisme) ........................................................................................... 30
Inzichtelijk leren: invalshoeken & principes ....................................................................................................... 31
Observerend leren ............................................................................................................................................. 31
Albert Bandura .............................................................................................................................................. 31
BOBO DOLL experiment ................................................................................................................................ 32
Observerend leren = beïnvloed factoren en belang voor praktijk ...................................................................... 32
Observerend leren = 4 deelprocessen/ voorwaarden -> imitatie....................................................................... 32
Ervaringsleren.................................................................................................................................................... 33
David Kolb...................................................................................................................................................... 33
Leerstijlenmodel ............................................................................................................................................ 33
Systeemtheoretische benadering (stroming) ................................................................................................. 34
Systeemtheorie: uitgangspunten....................................................................................................................... 35
Wat is een systeem? .......................................................................................................................................... 35
Verzameling van elementen .......................................................................................................................... 35
Samenspel van elementen ............................................................................................................................ 35
Interafhankelijkheid en wederzijds beïnvloeding.......................................................................................... 35
Onderlinge relaties en interacties ................................................................................................................. 35
Netwerk van idnividuen ................................................................................................................................ 35
Systemen en subsystemen ............................................................................................................................ 35
Gestaltpsychologie ........................................................................................................................................ 35
Formele & informele systemen .......................................................................................................................... 36
Uitgangspunten ................................................................................................................................................. 36
Oefening! ....................................................................................................................................................... 37
Systeemtheoretische stroming als theoretisch kader ........................................................................................ 37
PSYCHOLOGIE
Samenvatting SEM1 2023-2024
Cleymans Lotte
, 1
Inleiding in de psychologie
Inhoudsopgave
Psychologie als wetenschap ............................................................................................................................ 6
Wat is psychologie ............................................................................................................................................... 6
Wetenschappelijke studie ............................................................................................................................... 6
Wetenschappelijke studie: onderzoeksmethode ............................................................................................ 7
De psychologie ................................................................................................................................................ 7
S O R ................................................................................................................................................................ 8
Hulpbron voor sociaal-cultureel werkers ........................................................................................................ 8
Subdomeinen ....................................................................................................................................................... 8
Functieleer – algemene psychologie ............................................................................................................... 8
Persoonlijkheidsleer ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Neuropsychologie............................................................................................................................................ 9
Sociale psychologie ......................................................................................................................................... 9
Levenslooppsychologie ................................................................................................................................... 9
Subdomeinen hebben verschillende finaliteiten/ doelstellingen ....................................................................... 10
Theoretische psychologie .............................................................................................................................. 10
Toegepaste prsychologie ............................................................................................................................... 10
Oefening: subdomeinen: doelstellingen ............................................................................................................ 10
Stromingen: .................................................................................................................................................. 10
Psychodynamische benadering (stroming) .................................................................................................... 10
Oefening ............................................................................................................................................................ 10
Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................................. 11
Psycho-dynamische benadering ........................................................................................................................ 11
Mensbeeld ......................................................................................................................................................... 12
Visie op gedrag .................................................................................................................................................. 12
Bewustzijnsniveaus............................................................................................................................................ 12
Uitgangspunten ................................................................................................................................................. 13
Vrije associatie................................................................................................................................................... 14
Eros en thanatos ................................................................................................................................................ 14
Ontstaan persoonlijkheidsstructuur: ES – ICH – ÜBERICH ................................................................................. 14
Leertheoretische benadering (stroming) ....................................................................................................... 15
Nature (genen) .................................................................................................................................................. 15
, 2
Nurture .............................................................................................................................................................. 16
Transactioneel model ........................................................................................................................................ 16
John B. Watson .................................................................................................................................................. 16
Uitgangspunten leertheoretische benadering ................................................................................................... 17
Centraal concept : stimulus of prikkel = S .......................................................................................................... 17
Centraal concept : respons = R .......................................................................................................................... 17
Behaviorisme = klassieke conditionering ........................................................................................................... 17
OS – OR – NS – CS – CR ...................................................................................................................................... 18
OS = ongeconditioneerde stimulus ............................................................................................................... 18
OR = ongeconditioneerde respons ................................................................................................................ 18
NS = neutrale stimulus .................................................................................................................................. 18
CS = geconditioneerde stimulus .................................................................................................................... 18
CR = geconditioneerde respons..................................................................................................................... 18
Voorbeeld ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
Pavlov Ivan ........................................................................................................................................................ 19
Klassieke conditionering .................................................................................................................................... 20
Krachtlijnen KC .................................................................................................................................................. 21
Principes van klassieke conditionering .............................................................................................................. 21
Uitdoving ....................................................................................................................................................... 21
Herconditionering ......................................................................................................................................... 21
Signaalfunctie ................................................................................................................................................ 21
Continuïteit.................................................................................................................................................... 21
Contingentie (cognitieve benadering) ........................................................................................................... 21
Prikkelveralgemening .................................................................................................................................... 22
Prikkeldiscriminatie ....................................................................................................................................... 22
Oefening examen! ......................................................................................................................................... 22
In de praktijk ...................................................................................................................................................... 22
In therapie ......................................................................................................................................................... 23
Placebo-effect is een klassieke conditionering .................................................................................................. 23
Oefening ! .......................................................................................................................................................... 24
Behaviorisme = operante conditionering .......................................................................................................... 24
Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) ..................................................................................................................... 24
Burrhus Skinner (1904-1990) ........................................................................................................................ 24
Operante conditionering ............................................................................................................................... 24
Wet van het effect – PUZZLE BOX...................................................................................................................... 25
Wat is operante conditionering? ................................................................................................................... 25
Bekrachtiging - Skinnerbox ................................................................................................................................ 26
Straf – Skinnerbox.............................................................................................................................................. 26
Wetenschappelijke bedenkingen over straffen ............................................................................................ 26
, 3
Leerprincipes operante conditionering .............................................................................................................. 27
Wet van effect ............................................................................................................................................... 27
Bekrachtigingen belonen en straffen ............................................................................................................ 27
Continuïteit.................................................................................................................................................... 27
Contingentie .................................................................................................................................................. 27
Prikkeldiscriminatie ....................................................................................................................................... 27
Prikkelveralgemening of generalisatie .......................................................................................................... 27
Uitdoving of extinctie .................................................................................................................................... 27
Tussentijdse/ partiële .................................................................................................................................... 27
Shaping .......................................................................................................................................................... 27
Operante conditionering in de praktijk.............................................................................................................. 28
Verschil klassieke en operante conditionering .................................................................................................. 28
Aangeleerde hulpeloosheid ............................................................................................................................... 29
Kritiek behaviorisme .......................................................................................................................................... 30
Inzichtelijk leren ................................................................................................................................................. 30
Wolfgang Kohler ............................................................................................................................................ 30
Traditionele leertheoretisch model (behaviorisme) ........................................................................................... 30
Inzichtelijk leren: invalshoeken & principes ....................................................................................................... 31
Observerend leren ............................................................................................................................................. 31
Albert Bandura .............................................................................................................................................. 31
BOBO DOLL experiment ................................................................................................................................ 32
Observerend leren = beïnvloed factoren en belang voor praktijk ...................................................................... 32
Observerend leren = 4 deelprocessen/ voorwaarden -> imitatie....................................................................... 32
Ervaringsleren.................................................................................................................................................... 33
David Kolb...................................................................................................................................................... 33
Leerstijlenmodel ............................................................................................................................................ 33
Systeemtheoretische benadering (stroming) ................................................................................................. 34
Systeemtheorie: uitgangspunten....................................................................................................................... 35
Wat is een systeem? .......................................................................................................................................... 35
Verzameling van elementen .......................................................................................................................... 35
Samenspel van elementen ............................................................................................................................ 35
Interafhankelijkheid en wederzijds beïnvloeding.......................................................................................... 35
Onderlinge relaties en interacties ................................................................................................................. 35
Netwerk van idnividuen ................................................................................................................................ 35
Systemen en subsystemen ............................................................................................................................ 35
Gestaltpsychologie ........................................................................................................................................ 35
Formele & informele systemen .......................................................................................................................... 36
Uitgangspunten ................................................................................................................................................. 36
Oefening! ....................................................................................................................................................... 37
Systeemtheoretische stroming als theoretisch kader ........................................................................................ 37
