Onderzoeksmethoden en technieken van de agogische wetenschappen AJ 2024-2025
ONDERZOEKSMETHODEN EN TECHNIEKEN
VAN DE AGOGISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN
Inhoud
HOOFDSTUK 0: INTRODUCTIE .................................................................................................5
1. Situering ..........................................................................................................................5
2. Wetenschappelijk onderzoek ...........................................................................................6
HOOFDSTUK 1: NATURE EN PROCESS OF SOCIAL RESARCH ...................................................8
1. Wat sociaal onderzoek is en waarom het belangrijk is. .......................................................8
2. De context van methoden voor sociaal onderzoek .............................................................8
3. De fasen van een sociaal onderzoeksproject .....................................................................9
4. De rommelige aard van sociaal onderzoek ........................................................................9
HOOFDSTUK 2: SOCIAL RESEARCH .........................................................................................9
1. Onderzoekstrategieën en hun overwegingen .....................................................................9
2. Relatie tussen theorie en onderzoek ............................................................................... 10
3. Epistemologische en ontologische kwesties ................................................................... 11
Hoofdstuk 3: Research designs .............................................................................................. 15
1. Kwaliteitscriteria in wetenschappelijk onderzoek ............................................................ 15
2. Experimenteel onderzoek ............................................................................................... 16
Hoofdstuk 4: Planning research and research questions ......................................................... 22
1. Aspecten met betrekking tot onderzoek .......................................................................... 22
2. Onderzoeksvragen ......................................................................................................... 22
Hoofdstuk 5: Getting started, reviewing the literature .............................................................. 23
1. Proces en overwegingen bij het schrijven van een literatuuronderzoek ............................. 23
2. Databronnen en databanken voor literatuur .................................................................... 25
3. Referentiepraktijken en plagiaat ..................................................................................... 26
Hoofdstuk 6: Ethics and politics in social research ................................................................. 27
1. De geschiedenis ............................................................................................................ 27
2. Ethiek ............................................................................................................................ 29
3. Ethische basisprincipes ................................................................................................. 30
4. Additionale ethiek gerelateerde aspecten ....................................................................... 32
5. Ethische houding met betrekking tot de wereld van het wetenschappelijk onderzoek ....... 33
Hooftstuk 7: The nature of quantitive research ........................................................................ 33
1. Kwantitatief onderzoek .................................................................................................. 33
Hoofdstuk 8: Sampling in quantitative research ...................................................................... 37
1
,Onderzoeksmethoden en technieken van de agogische wetenschappen AJ 2024-2025
1. Kwantitatief onderzoek .................................................................................................. 37
2. Multi-stage (cluster) sampling ........................................................................................ 40
3. Steekproefgrootte .......................................................................................................... 40
4. Non probability sampling ............................................................................................... 40
Hoofdstuk 9: Structures interviewing ...................................................................................... 41
1. Kwantitatief onderzoek .................................................................................................. 41
3. Gestructureerd interview ............................................................................................... 42
4. Interview via telefoon ..................................................................................................... 43
5. CATI – Computer assisted telephone interview................................................................ 43
6. CAPI – Computer assisted personal interview ................................................................. 43
7. Aandachtspunten bij gestructureerd interview ................................................................ 44
8. Problemen bij gestructureerd interview .......................................................................... 44
Hoofdstuk 10: Self-completion questionaires ......................................................................... 44
Hoofdstuk 11: Asking questions ............................................................................................. 46
1. Meetniveau ................................................................................................................... 46
2. Meetniveau vs data verlies ............................................................................................. 48
3. Schriftelijke vragen ontwikkelen ..................................................................................... 48
4. Basisprincipe voor het ontwikkelen van een survey ......................................................... 52
5. Valkuil bij het formuleren van vragen ............................................................................... 53
6. Opzet vragenlijsten ........................................................................................................ 56
6. Afname van survey ......................................................................................................... 56
7. Het beoordelen van de validiteit van bestaande vragenlijsten .......................................... 57
Hoofdstuk 12: structured observations .................................................................................. 57
1. Observeren ................................................................................................................... 57
2. Gestructureerd observeren ............................................................................................ 58
3. Specifieke vorm ............................................................................................................. 59
4. Kritiek op (gestructureerde) observatie ........................................................................... 60
5. Closed setting ............................................................................................................... 60
Hoofdstuk 13: Contentanalysis .............................................................................................. 60
1. Latente concept ageism ................................................................................................. 60
2. Sample.......................................................................................................................... 61
3. Object van de analyses .................................................................................................. 61
4. Codeerschema .............................................................................................................. 61
5. Andere media voor content analyse ................................................................................ 61
Hoofdstuk 14: Existing Data ................................................................................................... 62
Hoofdstuk 16: The nature of Qualitative Research ................................................................... 62
2
,Onderzoeksmethoden en technieken van de agogische wetenschappen AJ 2024-2025
1. Kwalitatief onderzoek..................................................................................................... 62
2. Stappen van onderzoek .................................................................................................. 63
3. Taken kwalitatieve onderzoeker ...................................................................................... 65
4. Verschil kwalitatief vs kwantitatief .................................................................................. 65
Hoofdstuk 17: Sampling in kwalitatief onderzoek .................................................................... 65
Hoofdstuk 18: Ethnography and participant observations ....................................................... 67
1. Geschiedenis ................................................................................................................ 67
2. Vormen van etnografie ................................................................................................... 67
3. Initiële toegang tot … via … ............................................................................................. 68
4. Blijvende toegang .......................................................................................................... 68
5. Beëindigen onderzoek .................................................................................................... 69
6. Online etnografie ........................................................................................................... 69
7. Visuele etnografie .......................................................................................................... 69
8. Observeren bij ............................................................................................................... 69
Hoofdstuk 19: Interviewing in qualitative research .................................................................. 70
1. Interviewen ................................................................................................................... 70
2. Taken interviewer ........................................................................................................... 71
3. Vragen stellen ................................................................................................................ 72
4. Voorbereiding tot het interview; het interview zelf ............................................................ 74
5. Specifieke vromen ......................................................................................................... 75
6. Transcriptie ................................................................................................................... 75
Hoofdstuk 20: Focusgroups ................................................................................................... 75
1. Situering ........................................................................................................................ 75
2. Organiseren................................................................................................................... 77
3. Voorbeeld scenario ........................................................................................................ 80
Hoofdstuk 21: Language in Qualitative research ..................................................................... 81
1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................ 81
2. Conversatieanalyse (CA) ................................................................................................ 81
3. Reparaties in CA ............................................................................................................ 81
4. Discoursanalyse (DA) ..................................................................................................... 82
Hoofdstuk 22: Documents as sources of data......................................................................... 82
1. Documentenanalyse...................................................................................................... 82
Hoofdstuk 23: Qualitative data analysis.................................................................................. 83
1. Analyse en coderen ....................................................................................................... 83
2. Eenvoudigste vorm coderen ........................................................................................... 84
3. Grounded theory benadering .......................................................................................... 85
3
, Onderzoeksmethoden en technieken van de agogische wetenschappen AJ 2024-2025
Hoofdstuk 24: Mixed Methods ................................................................................................ 85
1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................ 85
2. Classificaties van mixed methods .................................................................................. 86
4
ONDERZOEKSMETHODEN EN TECHNIEKEN
VAN DE AGOGISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN
Inhoud
HOOFDSTUK 0: INTRODUCTIE .................................................................................................5
1. Situering ..........................................................................................................................5
2. Wetenschappelijk onderzoek ...........................................................................................6
HOOFDSTUK 1: NATURE EN PROCESS OF SOCIAL RESARCH ...................................................8
1. Wat sociaal onderzoek is en waarom het belangrijk is. .......................................................8
2. De context van methoden voor sociaal onderzoek .............................................................8
3. De fasen van een sociaal onderzoeksproject .....................................................................9
4. De rommelige aard van sociaal onderzoek ........................................................................9
HOOFDSTUK 2: SOCIAL RESEARCH .........................................................................................9
1. Onderzoekstrategieën en hun overwegingen .....................................................................9
2. Relatie tussen theorie en onderzoek ............................................................................... 10
3. Epistemologische en ontologische kwesties ................................................................... 11
Hoofdstuk 3: Research designs .............................................................................................. 15
1. Kwaliteitscriteria in wetenschappelijk onderzoek ............................................................ 15
2. Experimenteel onderzoek ............................................................................................... 16
Hoofdstuk 4: Planning research and research questions ......................................................... 22
1. Aspecten met betrekking tot onderzoek .......................................................................... 22
2. Onderzoeksvragen ......................................................................................................... 22
Hoofdstuk 5: Getting started, reviewing the literature .............................................................. 23
1. Proces en overwegingen bij het schrijven van een literatuuronderzoek ............................. 23
2. Databronnen en databanken voor literatuur .................................................................... 25
3. Referentiepraktijken en plagiaat ..................................................................................... 26
Hoofdstuk 6: Ethics and politics in social research ................................................................. 27
1. De geschiedenis ............................................................................................................ 27
2. Ethiek ............................................................................................................................ 29
3. Ethische basisprincipes ................................................................................................. 30
4. Additionale ethiek gerelateerde aspecten ....................................................................... 32
5. Ethische houding met betrekking tot de wereld van het wetenschappelijk onderzoek ....... 33
Hooftstuk 7: The nature of quantitive research ........................................................................ 33
1. Kwantitatief onderzoek .................................................................................................. 33
Hoofdstuk 8: Sampling in quantitative research ...................................................................... 37
1
,Onderzoeksmethoden en technieken van de agogische wetenschappen AJ 2024-2025
1. Kwantitatief onderzoek .................................................................................................. 37
2. Multi-stage (cluster) sampling ........................................................................................ 40
3. Steekproefgrootte .......................................................................................................... 40
4. Non probability sampling ............................................................................................... 40
Hoofdstuk 9: Structures interviewing ...................................................................................... 41
1. Kwantitatief onderzoek .................................................................................................. 41
3. Gestructureerd interview ............................................................................................... 42
4. Interview via telefoon ..................................................................................................... 43
5. CATI – Computer assisted telephone interview................................................................ 43
6. CAPI – Computer assisted personal interview ................................................................. 43
7. Aandachtspunten bij gestructureerd interview ................................................................ 44
8. Problemen bij gestructureerd interview .......................................................................... 44
Hoofdstuk 10: Self-completion questionaires ......................................................................... 44
Hoofdstuk 11: Asking questions ............................................................................................. 46
1. Meetniveau ................................................................................................................... 46
2. Meetniveau vs data verlies ............................................................................................. 48
3. Schriftelijke vragen ontwikkelen ..................................................................................... 48
4. Basisprincipe voor het ontwikkelen van een survey ......................................................... 52
5. Valkuil bij het formuleren van vragen ............................................................................... 53
6. Opzet vragenlijsten ........................................................................................................ 56
6. Afname van survey ......................................................................................................... 56
7. Het beoordelen van de validiteit van bestaande vragenlijsten .......................................... 57
Hoofdstuk 12: structured observations .................................................................................. 57
1. Observeren ................................................................................................................... 57
2. Gestructureerd observeren ............................................................................................ 58
3. Specifieke vorm ............................................................................................................. 59
4. Kritiek op (gestructureerde) observatie ........................................................................... 60
5. Closed setting ............................................................................................................... 60
Hoofdstuk 13: Contentanalysis .............................................................................................. 60
1. Latente concept ageism ................................................................................................. 60
2. Sample.......................................................................................................................... 61
3. Object van de analyses .................................................................................................. 61
4. Codeerschema .............................................................................................................. 61
5. Andere media voor content analyse ................................................................................ 61
Hoofdstuk 14: Existing Data ................................................................................................... 62
Hoofdstuk 16: The nature of Qualitative Research ................................................................... 62
2
,Onderzoeksmethoden en technieken van de agogische wetenschappen AJ 2024-2025
1. Kwalitatief onderzoek..................................................................................................... 62
2. Stappen van onderzoek .................................................................................................. 63
3. Taken kwalitatieve onderzoeker ...................................................................................... 65
4. Verschil kwalitatief vs kwantitatief .................................................................................. 65
Hoofdstuk 17: Sampling in kwalitatief onderzoek .................................................................... 65
Hoofdstuk 18: Ethnography and participant observations ....................................................... 67
1. Geschiedenis ................................................................................................................ 67
2. Vormen van etnografie ................................................................................................... 67
3. Initiële toegang tot … via … ............................................................................................. 68
4. Blijvende toegang .......................................................................................................... 68
5. Beëindigen onderzoek .................................................................................................... 69
6. Online etnografie ........................................................................................................... 69
7. Visuele etnografie .......................................................................................................... 69
8. Observeren bij ............................................................................................................... 69
Hoofdstuk 19: Interviewing in qualitative research .................................................................. 70
1. Interviewen ................................................................................................................... 70
2. Taken interviewer ........................................................................................................... 71
3. Vragen stellen ................................................................................................................ 72
4. Voorbereiding tot het interview; het interview zelf ............................................................ 74
5. Specifieke vromen ......................................................................................................... 75
6. Transcriptie ................................................................................................................... 75
Hoofdstuk 20: Focusgroups ................................................................................................... 75
1. Situering ........................................................................................................................ 75
2. Organiseren................................................................................................................... 77
3. Voorbeeld scenario ........................................................................................................ 80
Hoofdstuk 21: Language in Qualitative research ..................................................................... 81
1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................ 81
2. Conversatieanalyse (CA) ................................................................................................ 81
3. Reparaties in CA ............................................................................................................ 81
4. Discoursanalyse (DA) ..................................................................................................... 82
Hoofdstuk 22: Documents as sources of data......................................................................... 82
1. Documentenanalyse...................................................................................................... 82
Hoofdstuk 23: Qualitative data analysis.................................................................................. 83
1. Analyse en coderen ....................................................................................................... 83
2. Eenvoudigste vorm coderen ........................................................................................... 84
3. Grounded theory benadering .......................................................................................... 85
3
, Onderzoeksmethoden en technieken van de agogische wetenschappen AJ 2024-2025
Hoofdstuk 24: Mixed Methods ................................................................................................ 85
1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................ 85
2. Classificaties van mixed methods .................................................................................. 86
4
