EXAM STUDY GUIDE: WGU D236
PATHO, 2025/2026 WITH
CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
Pressure that is due to albumin in the bloodstream? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- Oncotic
What is the most common type of bladder cancer? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) (90%)
Oncotic - CORRECT ANSWERS- a form of osmotic pressure
exerted by proteins
Causes and risk factors of bladder cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Smoking, long term use of pain medications, obesity, high BP,
family hx of renal cancer and heredity diseases such as Von
Hippel-Lindau disease and hereditary papillary renal cell
carcinoma
Stages of renal cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWERS- I: tumor is
7cm or smaller and no metastasis
II: tumor is larger than 7cm and no metastasis
III: any size tumor and has spread to lymph nodes, blood vessels
in or near kidney
,IV: cancer has spread beyond fatty tissue around the kidney and
other parts of the body such as adrenal glands, brain, lung, liver,
bone or distant lymph nodes
Describe the function of the following parts of a nephron:
glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, juxtagomerular apparatus,
proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct -
CORRECT ANSWERS- Nephron: structural and functional unit of
the kidney
Glomerulus: located in the Bowman's capsule, group of capillaries
that use high hydrostatic pressure to push blood through the
filtration process
- allows water, sodium, bicarbonate, acids, and urea out of the
blood and into the Bowman's capsule
- large proteins cannot filter out
What are the common conditions that are risk factors to
developing Chronic Renal Failure? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Diabetes, HTN, glomerulonephritis, and chronic kidney disease or
PKD
- As many as 75% of nephrons are healthy during initial stages
and can compensate stage 5 with GFR below 15mL/min
Chronic renal failure manifestations - CORRECT ANSWERS- Early-
stage 1 and 2
-polyuria
-elevated BP
,- anemia
- fatigue
End stage- uremia- stage 3 or end stage
- hyperkalemia (unable to secrete potassium)
- oliguria
-acidosis
-azotemia- have the build up of your waste products so patient
will have uremia frost (urine crystals on the skin)
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) - CORRECT ANSWERS- Any type
of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney
function
Symptoms:
- fatigue
- drowsiness
- decrease in urination or inability to urinate
- dry, itchy skin
Treatment for ESRD? - CORRECT ANSWERS- dialysis or kidney
transplant
, Bladder cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS- Cancerous tumor that
arises from the cells lining the bladder; malignant cells present in
urine
Symptoms:
- painless hematuria is the cardinal feature
- UTI symptoms
- rarely presents as a palpable mass
Tx:
- transurethral resection of the tumor
- chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation
- radical cystectomy with urinary diversion may be necessary for
large invasive tumors
Kidney cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS- Renal cell carcinoma, arises
from epithelial cells of urine tubules
- occurs when cells in the kidney grow out of control, clump
together, and form a malignant tumor
- most common risk factor is smoking
Cystitis (UTI) - CORRECT ANSWERS- Infection of the bladder
- lower UTI is the most common urological disorder
PATHO, 2025/2026 WITH
CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
Pressure that is due to albumin in the bloodstream? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- Oncotic
What is the most common type of bladder cancer? - CORRECT
ANSWERS- transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) (90%)
Oncotic - CORRECT ANSWERS- a form of osmotic pressure
exerted by proteins
Causes and risk factors of bladder cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Smoking, long term use of pain medications, obesity, high BP,
family hx of renal cancer and heredity diseases such as Von
Hippel-Lindau disease and hereditary papillary renal cell
carcinoma
Stages of renal cell carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWERS- I: tumor is
7cm or smaller and no metastasis
II: tumor is larger than 7cm and no metastasis
III: any size tumor and has spread to lymph nodes, blood vessels
in or near kidney
,IV: cancer has spread beyond fatty tissue around the kidney and
other parts of the body such as adrenal glands, brain, lung, liver,
bone or distant lymph nodes
Describe the function of the following parts of a nephron:
glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, juxtagomerular apparatus,
proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct -
CORRECT ANSWERS- Nephron: structural and functional unit of
the kidney
Glomerulus: located in the Bowman's capsule, group of capillaries
that use high hydrostatic pressure to push blood through the
filtration process
- allows water, sodium, bicarbonate, acids, and urea out of the
blood and into the Bowman's capsule
- large proteins cannot filter out
What are the common conditions that are risk factors to
developing Chronic Renal Failure? - CORRECT ANSWERS-
Diabetes, HTN, glomerulonephritis, and chronic kidney disease or
PKD
- As many as 75% of nephrons are healthy during initial stages
and can compensate stage 5 with GFR below 15mL/min
Chronic renal failure manifestations - CORRECT ANSWERS- Early-
stage 1 and 2
-polyuria
-elevated BP
,- anemia
- fatigue
End stage- uremia- stage 3 or end stage
- hyperkalemia (unable to secrete potassium)
- oliguria
-acidosis
-azotemia- have the build up of your waste products so patient
will have uremia frost (urine crystals on the skin)
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) - CORRECT ANSWERS- Any type
of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney
function
Symptoms:
- fatigue
- drowsiness
- decrease in urination or inability to urinate
- dry, itchy skin
Treatment for ESRD? - CORRECT ANSWERS- dialysis or kidney
transplant
, Bladder cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS- Cancerous tumor that
arises from the cells lining the bladder; malignant cells present in
urine
Symptoms:
- painless hematuria is the cardinal feature
- UTI symptoms
- rarely presents as a palpable mass
Tx:
- transurethral resection of the tumor
- chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation
- radical cystectomy with urinary diversion may be necessary for
large invasive tumors
Kidney cancer - CORRECT ANSWERS- Renal cell carcinoma, arises
from epithelial cells of urine tubules
- occurs when cells in the kidney grow out of control, clump
together, and form a malignant tumor
- most common risk factor is smoking
Cystitis (UTI) - CORRECT ANSWERS- Infection of the bladder
- lower UTI is the most common urological disorder
