MHA 710 Exam 2 Questions with Verified Solutions Latest Version 2024

MHA 710 Exam 2 Questions with Verified Solutions Latest Version 2024 The direct costs in an economic evaluation include the all the following except: - Answers reduced productivity at work When measuring effectiveness of a treatment, surrogate measures reflect clinical efficacy and include: - Answers bone-mass density (BMD) Which of the following measures of effectiveness is not a surrogate measure? - Answers Hip fracture The intangible costs associated with reduced quality of life include: - Answers Pain and suffering Suppose that you are asked to use the standard time trade-off approach to measuring quality of life and are given the following information. An individual is faced with living the remaining 10 years of her life suffering from severe osteoporosis. She reveals that she would be willing to give up four of those years to live the remaining six in perfect health. What is the utility of one year in the chronic health state relative to perfect health? - Answers 0.6 Researchers estimate QALYs in a number of different ways. One popular approach is called the - Answers standard gamble The standard cut-off for cost per QALY is ______ per capita income. - Answers equal to Cost-effectiveness considerations are more formally integrated into health policy making in - Answers Australia, Europe, Canada Steps in performing a cost-effectiveness analysis include all of these EXCEPT - Answers prioritizing the alternative treatment options Researchers use cost-of-illness studies to - Answers do all of the above (a. study the burden of a disease b. determine the low-cost option to treat a disease c. compare two or more treatment options when the medical outcome is identical d. increase public awareness of cost of treating certain diseases) Many economists consider medical care a superior good. Which of the following statements is true regarding a superior good? - Answers Both c and d are true of superior goods (As consumer income increases, a larger percentage of that income is spent on superior goods A superior good has an income elasticity of demand greater than 1) A critical assumption in the model of demand and supply is the independence of demand and supply curves. If the two are not independent, a shift in the supply curve can lead to a shift in the demand curve referred to as - Answers supplier-induced demand. The top ten causes of death in the United States in 2010 included all of the following except - Answers AIDS The accompanying diagram depicts the relationship between health status and medical care spending for a particular country. Which of the following statements is true? - Answers Social pressures will move the health care system to spend S2. Health care that actually harms the patient, such as an adverse reaction to a prescription drug, is called - Answers iatrogenic disease The number one cause of death in the United States in 1980 was - Answers heart disease Health insurance features that tend to reduce moral hazard include - Answers all of the above (a. deductibles, coinsurance, copayments) The concept quality-adjusted life year (QALY) - Answers is used extensively to evaluate medical care resource allocation within government-run programs on fixed budgets, especially in Europe. Suppose the recipient of a kidney transplant has stated that she would prefer 5 years of perfect health to the 10 years she expects to live with her transplant. For this person, each of her remaining 10 years of life has a QALY value of - Answers 5 If health care spending is already on the flat-of-the-curve, it may not be possible to buy improved health status by increasing spending. In this situation, the best way to improve health status may be to - Answers improve life-style decisions by reducing smoking, alcohol consumption, and drug use McKeown's (1976) research attributed the majority of the secular decline in mortality rates in Europe and North America to - Answers better nutrition and housing Factors affecting medical care demand include - Answers all of the above (health status, demographic characteristics, economic standing, physician factors) A physician's ability to induce demand is greatly enhanced when - Answers patients have difficulty gathering and processing information The RAND Health Insurance Study - Answers was the most extensive controlled experiment in health insurance ever conducted in the United States The following diagram depicts the market for physicians' services that is originally in equilibrium at point a with demand and supply at D0 and S0. As physician supply increases from S0 to S1, a concurrent shift in demand from D0 to D1 - Answers both a and b (may be the result of physician-induced demand, will cause overall spending on physicians' services to increase) Which of the following measures of effectiveness is an intermediate measure - Answers Hip fracture The intangible costs associated with reduced quality of life include: - Answers pain and suffering The primary tasks required to conduct a successful cost effectiveness study are all of the following except: - Answers identifying the overall cost of a health condition on society Researchers use cost-of-illness studies for all of the following except to: - Answers compare the relative efficiency of treating various conditions The standard cut-off for cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) used by most governmental decision makers is set in terms of a multiple of national per capita income. The value of the threshold is usually what percent of national per capita income? - Answers 100 Many economists consider medical care a superior good. Which of the following statements is true regarding a superior good? - Answers As consumer income increases, consumers spend more on superior goods Factors affecting the level of medical care demand include all of the following except: - Answers price of medical care When area income increases by 20 percent, what occurs? - Answers quantity demanded rises by 10.0 percent A physician's ability to induce demand is greatly enhanced when: - Answers patients have difficulty gathering and processing information There are substantial differences in medical care use by demographic characteristics such as age, sex, and marital status. Which of the following statements is true? - Answers Adult women spend more money on medical care than men do According to Grossman (1972), how is the demand for medical care determined? - Answers It is derived from the demand for health Suppose your assignment is to use the standard time trade-off approach to measure quality of life. You are given the following information: An individual is faced with living the remaining 10 years of their life suffering from severe osteoporosis. The individual reveals that they would be willing to give up four of those years to live the remaining six in perfect health. What is the utility of one year in a chronic health state relative to perfect health? - Answers 0.6 Which of the following is least responsible for the reduction in mortality rates in Europe and North America? - Answers More effective medical interventions Suppose you must rely exclusively on cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) to determine whether a category of people receives an expensive, potentially life-saving, intervention. Which of the following considerations must you keep in mind when making your decision? - Answers CEA ignores the possibility that certain unidentified individuals in a group may have a greater than normal positive response to the treatment The concept of quality-adjusted life year (QALY): - Answers Which of the following would likely lead to the greatest improvement in the health status of the population in the United States? - Answers Improved lifestyles changes The accompanying diagram depicts the relationship between health status and medical care spending for a particular country. Assume the current spending level is S1 on TP1. All of the statements below are true? - Answers S1 levels of spending are often described as spending on the flat of the curve When measuring the effectiveness of a treatment, surrogate measures reflect clinical efficacy and include: - Answers bone-mass density (BMD) The direct costs in an economic evaluation include all of the following except: - Answers reduced productivity at work Under which of the following circumstances is the principal-agent relationship likely to be most problematic? - Answers Between surgeons and patients Kindig and Stoddart (2003) defined population health as "health outcomes of an entire population, including the distribution of such outcomes within a group of individuals." - Answers True Which of the following is not the World Health Organization (WHO) index to measure health system performance? - Answers Morbidity Which of the following is not part of the three dimensions of health care delivery known as the "triple aim"? - Answers Expanding health insurance Mortality rate and morbidity are the most popular metrics used to evaluate population-based health outcomes - Answers True From 2001 to 2011, life expectancy for the total U.S population increased from: - Answers 77.2 to 78.7 years Whites have experienced an increase in life expectancy that is more than twice that of Blacks - Answers False Which ethnic group has the highest life expectancy in the United States? - Answers Hispanics People with higher income are less likely to have better health outcomes and have a higher mortality rate - Answers False The rate at which members of a group are newly diagnosed with a disease is called - Answers morbidity rate Teen pregnancy is a concern among public health officials and policy makers because of the follow associated problems except for - Answers poverty Obesity prevalence in the United States is the highest in the developed world and has worsened since the 1960s - Answers True The United States has the highest rate of low-birth-weight infants than other developed countries - Answers False Perinatal mortality is defined as late fetal death plus deaths in the first __ days after birth - Answers 30 On average, smoking decrease life expectancy by 10 years - Answers True One of the reasons that women live longer than men in most societies is that - Answers men smoke more regularly than women Alcohol consumption can cause premature death and play a significant role in all violent crime, but in some individuals, moderate consumption can have some health benefits, including - Answers higher HDL type cholesterol Early in U.S. history, most health insurance policies covered - Answers income loss due to disability or disease A prepaid hospital plan created by Baylor Hospital for a group of Dallas public school teachers in 1929 is considered the forerunner of what was later called - Answers Blue Cross Mid-1960s amendments to the Social Security Act created - Answers Medicare and Medicaid Indemnity insurance - Answers is correctly defined by all of the above Social insurance - Answers is correctly defined by all of the above Premiums based on experience ratings - Answers are based on the loss experience of the insured People buy insurance - Answers because they are risk averse