©FYNDLAY.
NURP 404 Exam 4 Study Guide.
Neutropenia - Answers✔deficiency of neutrophils; increased risk of infection, can occur
secondary to cancer and chemo
Mononucleosis (Mono) - Answers✔signs and symptoms are flu-like (fever sore throat fatigue);
watch for spleen enlargement
Acute Leukemias - Answers✔rapid increase of immature blood cells; most common forms in
children
chronic leukemia - Answers✔build-up of relatively mature but abnormal WBC over months to
years involves proliferation of more fully differentiated myeloid and lymphoid cells
lymphocytic leukemia - Answers✔immature lymphocytes and their progenitors that originated in
the bone marrow but infiltrate the spleen, lymph nodes, CNS, and other tissues
myelogenous leukemia - Answers✔involves immature pluripotent myeloid stem cells in bone
marrow; interferes with maturation of all blood cells including granulocytes, erythrocytes, and
thrombocytes
acute lymphoblastic leukemia ALL - Answers✔most common type of leukemia in children;
includes precursor b or t lymphoblasts (most being pre B) typically characterized by structural
and numerical changes in the chromosomes within the leukemia cells (translocations, deletions,
hyperploidy, polyploidy) that alter ability to regulate normal hematopoiesis
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia AML - Answers✔most common in adults and in men; affects
myeloid precursors in the bone marrow, most often associated with acquired genetic changes that
inhibit myeloid cell differentiation. Therefore, undifferentiated blast cells replace normal cells
within bone marrow causing anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia
chronic lymphocytic leukemia CLL - Answers✔clonal malignancy of B lymphocytes most often
affects adults over age 55 and men; most common leukemia in adults; two forms (long term and
short survival) people with low CD markers do better while those with high markers tend to do
worse
chronic myelogenous leukemia CML - Answers✔mainly adults, small number of children;
characterized by excessive proliferation of marrow granulocytes, erythroid precursors, and
megakaryocytes; associated with Philadelphia chromosome (9 to 22 translocation); being in
chronic phase progressing to accelerated phase ultimately entering a blast crisis phase which is
terminal. Treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor drugs improving survival rate up to 95%
1
, ©FYNDLAY.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma - Answers✔diverse and includes any kind of lymphoma except
Hodgkin's; either B-cell or T cell neoplasms that may originate from any lymphoid tissue but
most commonly in lymph nodes
Hodgkin's lymphoma - Answers✔a specialized form of lymphoma; characterized by the orderly
spread of disease from one lymph node group to another and by development of systemic
symptoms with advanced disease; Reed Sternberg cells; 2 peaks of incidence: first in young
adulthood (ages 15 to 35) and 2nd (ages 55 and older); more easily treatable
multiple myeloma - Answers✔B cell cancer of plasma cells that normally produce antibodies;
proliferation of malignant plasma cells in bone marrow occurs with lesions in skeletal system;
release bence-jones proteins; signs and symptoms include anemia, neutropenia,
thrombocytopenia from bone marrow infiltration, bone pain, infection, renal failure, and
neurological symptoms
Checkpoint inhibitors - Answers✔Anti PD-1, Anti PD-L1, block the ability of tumor cells to
resist CD8 and CTL cells from attacking
aspirin and NSAIDS - Answers✔anti-platelet aggregation drug; low-dose inhibits
cyclooxygenase
Clotting Cascade - Answers✔Can be inhibited on intrinsic or extrinsic pathways
Warfarin - Answers✔anti-clotting drug; competes with Vitamin K (Vitamin K is antidote)
heparin - Answers✔anti-clotting drug; interacts with AT III to bind coagulation factors including
thrombin and prevent hemostasis (antidote is protamine sulfate)
Fibrin Split Products (D-Dimer) - Answers✔Elevated levels result from abnormal clotting
DIC - Answers✔complication of disease; caused by disorders that produce necrosis, infection,
neoplastic disease and other conditions that include cardiac arrest, cirrhosis, shock; excessive
bleeding and excessive clotting. High fatality
anemia - Answers✔decreased total RBC mass; leads to decreased oxygen carrying capacity;
signs and symptoms include headache, fatigue, dypnea, poor exercise tolerance, pallor, syncope,
tachycardia;-) evaluated by assessing hemoglobin and hematocrit
thrombocytopenia - Answers✔decrease platelets; congenital or acquired (more common),
increased risk of bleeding; signs and symptoms include petechiae
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura ITP - Answers✔low platelets secondary to immune system
destroying its own platelets. Acute ITP typically affects children ages 2 to 4 Chronic ITP
typically affects adults age 50 and over. Target population is women ages 20 to 40; caused by
drug reactions, immunization with live vaccines and viral infection. Excellent prognosis even
without treatment
2
NURP 404 Exam 4 Study Guide.
Neutropenia - Answers✔deficiency of neutrophils; increased risk of infection, can occur
secondary to cancer and chemo
Mononucleosis (Mono) - Answers✔signs and symptoms are flu-like (fever sore throat fatigue);
watch for spleen enlargement
Acute Leukemias - Answers✔rapid increase of immature blood cells; most common forms in
children
chronic leukemia - Answers✔build-up of relatively mature but abnormal WBC over months to
years involves proliferation of more fully differentiated myeloid and lymphoid cells
lymphocytic leukemia - Answers✔immature lymphocytes and their progenitors that originated in
the bone marrow but infiltrate the spleen, lymph nodes, CNS, and other tissues
myelogenous leukemia - Answers✔involves immature pluripotent myeloid stem cells in bone
marrow; interferes with maturation of all blood cells including granulocytes, erythrocytes, and
thrombocytes
acute lymphoblastic leukemia ALL - Answers✔most common type of leukemia in children;
includes precursor b or t lymphoblasts (most being pre B) typically characterized by structural
and numerical changes in the chromosomes within the leukemia cells (translocations, deletions,
hyperploidy, polyploidy) that alter ability to regulate normal hematopoiesis
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia AML - Answers✔most common in adults and in men; affects
myeloid precursors in the bone marrow, most often associated with acquired genetic changes that
inhibit myeloid cell differentiation. Therefore, undifferentiated blast cells replace normal cells
within bone marrow causing anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia
chronic lymphocytic leukemia CLL - Answers✔clonal malignancy of B lymphocytes most often
affects adults over age 55 and men; most common leukemia in adults; two forms (long term and
short survival) people with low CD markers do better while those with high markers tend to do
worse
chronic myelogenous leukemia CML - Answers✔mainly adults, small number of children;
characterized by excessive proliferation of marrow granulocytes, erythroid precursors, and
megakaryocytes; associated with Philadelphia chromosome (9 to 22 translocation); being in
chronic phase progressing to accelerated phase ultimately entering a blast crisis phase which is
terminal. Treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor drugs improving survival rate up to 95%
1
, ©FYNDLAY.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma - Answers✔diverse and includes any kind of lymphoma except
Hodgkin's; either B-cell or T cell neoplasms that may originate from any lymphoid tissue but
most commonly in lymph nodes
Hodgkin's lymphoma - Answers✔a specialized form of lymphoma; characterized by the orderly
spread of disease from one lymph node group to another and by development of systemic
symptoms with advanced disease; Reed Sternberg cells; 2 peaks of incidence: first in young
adulthood (ages 15 to 35) and 2nd (ages 55 and older); more easily treatable
multiple myeloma - Answers✔B cell cancer of plasma cells that normally produce antibodies;
proliferation of malignant plasma cells in bone marrow occurs with lesions in skeletal system;
release bence-jones proteins; signs and symptoms include anemia, neutropenia,
thrombocytopenia from bone marrow infiltration, bone pain, infection, renal failure, and
neurological symptoms
Checkpoint inhibitors - Answers✔Anti PD-1, Anti PD-L1, block the ability of tumor cells to
resist CD8 and CTL cells from attacking
aspirin and NSAIDS - Answers✔anti-platelet aggregation drug; low-dose inhibits
cyclooxygenase
Clotting Cascade - Answers✔Can be inhibited on intrinsic or extrinsic pathways
Warfarin - Answers✔anti-clotting drug; competes with Vitamin K (Vitamin K is antidote)
heparin - Answers✔anti-clotting drug; interacts with AT III to bind coagulation factors including
thrombin and prevent hemostasis (antidote is protamine sulfate)
Fibrin Split Products (D-Dimer) - Answers✔Elevated levels result from abnormal clotting
DIC - Answers✔complication of disease; caused by disorders that produce necrosis, infection,
neoplastic disease and other conditions that include cardiac arrest, cirrhosis, shock; excessive
bleeding and excessive clotting. High fatality
anemia - Answers✔decreased total RBC mass; leads to decreased oxygen carrying capacity;
signs and symptoms include headache, fatigue, dypnea, poor exercise tolerance, pallor, syncope,
tachycardia;-) evaluated by assessing hemoglobin and hematocrit
thrombocytopenia - Answers✔decrease platelets; congenital or acquired (more common),
increased risk of bleeding; signs and symptoms include petechiae
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura ITP - Answers✔low platelets secondary to immune system
destroying its own platelets. Acute ITP typically affects children ages 2 to 4 Chronic ITP
typically affects adults age 50 and over. Target population is women ages 20 to 40; caused by
drug reactions, immunization with live vaccines and viral infection. Excellent prognosis even
without treatment
2
