Intro to Statistics Final Exam with answers 2025

Intro to Statistics Final Exam with answers
2025


Population - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔a collection of persons, things, or objects under
study.



Sample - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔selecting a portion (or subset) of the larger portion



Parameter - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔A numerical characteristic of the whole
population that can be estimated by a statistic.



Ex: we consider all math classes to be the population, so the average number of points
earned per student over all math classes is a parameter.



Statistic - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔A number that represents a property of the
sample.



Ex: if we consider one math class to be the sample of the population of all the math classes,
then the average number of points earned by a student in that one math class at the end of
the term is an example of a statistic.



Variable - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔usually letters x and y, is a characteristic or
measurement that can be determined for each number of the population



Numerical variable: takes on a value with equal units such as weights in pounds and time in
hours.

,Categorical variable: place the person or thing into a category (ex: party affiliation, gender,
gpa).



Data - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔the actual values of the variable



What are the levels of measurement? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔Nominal: no
numerical value or order (names, labels, categories)



Ordinal: usually no numerical value, but there is an order, however, the differences between
the data are meaningless (small, medium, large)



Interval: data can be ordered, and differences are meaningful



Ratio: can be ordered, differences are meaningful, and zero corresponds to none of the
values (0 is a measurement)



simple random sample - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔each sample of the sample size has
an equal chance of being selected; simple random sample from the entire population



Stratified Sampling - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔Divide the entire population into
distinct subgroups called strata. The strata are based on a specific characteristic such as age,
income, education level, and so on. All members of a stratum share the specific
characteristic. Draw random samples from each stratum.



Cluster Sampling - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔Divide the entire population into pre-
existing segments or clusters. The clusters are often geographic. Make a random selection of
clusters. Include every member of each selected cluster in the sample. Randomly select
some cluster.



Systematic Sampling - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔randomly select a starting point and
take every nth piece of data from a listing of the population

, Multistage Sampling - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔Use a variety of sampling methods to
create successively smaller groups at each stage. The final sample consists of clusters.



Convenience Sampling - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔Involves selecting participants
who are readily available without any attempt to make the sample representative of a
population.



Midpoint - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔A point that divides a segment into two
congruent segments



lower boundary + upper boundary

__________________________________________________ = midpoint

2



Class Width - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔the distance between lower (or upper) limits
of consecutive classes



largest data value - smallest data value

________________________________________________________ = class width

desired number of classes



Frequency Table - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔efficiently displays data. Organizes data
into classes and list the number of data points in each class; classes with 0 occurrences are
also listed



Class Limit - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔First find class width, then add that to the
smallest data value, and keep adding it until you get to the highest data value. (ex: if the
smallest data value is 36, and the class width is 13, then you would add 13 to 36, and the