,DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Exploring Sociology Canadian Perspective 3rd
m m m m m m m m m
Edition Ravelli m
Ravelli/Webber:mExploringmSociology:mAmCanadianmPerspective,mThirdmEditi
onmChapterm02:mClassicalmSocialmTheories
1) BenjaminmFranklinmismquotedmtomhavemsaid,m“Thosemwhomwouldmsacrificemfreedommfor
msecuritymdeservemneither.”mHowmdoesmthismcontrastmwithmHobbes’smideasmofmthemrolemofm
themstate?
Answer:
Hobbesmbelievedmthat,matmtheirmmostmbasic,mpeoplemaremmotivatedmbymself-
interestmandmthempursuitmofmpower.mLivingminmamnaturalmstatemwouldmhavembeenmambrutalme
xistence;msincemeveryonemwasminmdirectmcompetitionmwithmeachmother,mpeoplemwouldmhav
emlivedminmamconstantmstatemofmfear.mWithmtheirmwantsmalwaysmseemingmtomexceedmwhatmw
asmavailable,mtheremwasmconstantmpotentialmformam“warmofmallmagainstmall.”mHobbesmthusma
rguedmthatmsincempeoplemaremnaturallymrationalmbeings,minmordermtomgainmpeacemandmprotec
tionmtheymwouldmbemwillingmtomentermintomamcollectivemagreementmthatmwouldmseemthemmgi
vemupmsomemofmtheirmindividualmfreedommandmautonomymtomanmabsolutemauthoritym(e.g.,md
emocracy,mmonarchy).mThismcollectivemagreementmrepresentedmanmimportantmtransitionmin
mthatmitmdemonstratedmthemhumanmcapacitymtomforgomindependencemandmautonomyminmretur
nmformcollectivembenefit.mInmessence,mitmpromotesmexactlymwhatmFranklinmwarnsmagainst:ms
acrificingmfreedommformsecurity.
Diff:mChallenging
Type:mES
m
PagemReference:m32
Skill:mApplied/Conceptual
Objective:mDescribemthemearlymcontributionsmofmsocialmphilosophersmandmtheirmrelevancem
tomclassicalmsociologicalmtheory.
2) DevelopmanmessayminmwhichmyoumdiscussmthemrelationshipmbetweenmEnlightenme
ntmthinkingmandmthembirthmofmsociology.
Answer:
ThemtextbookmarguesmthatmsociologymwasmbornmnotmfrommthemrevolutionarymideasmofmEnlig
htenmentmthinkingmbut,mrather,mfrommthemconservativemreactionmagainstmthem.mBeforemthem
Enlightenment,mpeople’smthinkingmwasmdirectedmbymGod,mthemChurch,mandmthemaristocracy
.mEnlightenmentmthinking,mhowever,mpromotedmhumanmagencymandmthusmwasmamclearmconti
nuationmofmthemwritingsmofmHobbes,mLocke,mMontesquieu,mandmRousseau.mToday,mseeingmo
urselvesmasmengagedmandmautonomousmbeingsmseemsmobvious,mbutmatmthemtimemthismindepe
ndencemofmthoughtmcreatedmamgreatmdealmofmturmoil,mnotmonlymformthemChurchmbutmalsomform
societymasmamwhole.mThemEnlightenmentmwasmnothingmlessmthanmamreorderingmofmhowmpeop
lemsawmthemworldmandmtheirmroleminmit.
Enlightenmentmphilosophersmchallengedmmanymbeliefsmthatmweremgroundedminmtraditionm(e.
g.,minheritedmtitlesmandmwealthmthatmweremnotmbasedmonmdemonstratedmabilitymormskill)mandm
encouragedmthemabilitymofmthemmassesmtomtakemcontrolmofmtheirmlivesmandmchallengemtheirmo
ppressors.mThismultimatelymledmtomthemAmericanmandmFrenchmrevolutions,mwhichmresultedmi
nmthousandsmofmdeaths.mBothmrevolutionsmhadmamlastingminfluence:mformthemfirstmtimeminmhist
ory,
Copyrightm©m2016mPearsonmCanadamIn
c.
2-1
mynursytest.store
,DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Exploring Sociology Canadian Perspective 3rd
m m m m m m m m m
Edition Ravelli m
Ravelli/Webber:mExploringmSociology:mAmCanadianmPerspective,mThirdmEditi
onmChapterm02:mClassicalmSocialmTheories
entiremsocietiesmweremcompletelymreorganizedmaccordingmtomthemsecularmidealsmofmsoc
ialmequalitymandmliberty.
However,mthemchaosmandmdisruptionmbroughtmonmbymthesemidealsmofmindividualmautonomy,
mliberty,mandmthemprimacymofmrationalitymandmreasonmweremchallengedmbymconservatives,mw
hompromotedmamreturnmtomearliermtimesmwhenmsocietymwasmmoremstable.mInmeffect,mconserva
tivesmchallengedmthemverymbasismofmEnlightenmentmthinking.mAftermall,mtheymwouldmsugges
t,mthemculminationmofmthatmthinkingmledmtomrevolution,msomethingmnomonemshouldmwant.mAs
mdiscussed,monemofmthemguidingmprinciplesmofmthemEnlightenmentmwasmthembeliefminmindivid
ualmautonomymandmthemabsolutemnecessitymofmindependentmthoughtmandmreflection.mTomEnli
ghtenmentmthinkers,mthemindividualmwasmthembuildingmblockmformthementiremsociety.mInmcon
trast,mconservativesmbelievedmthatmsocietymismnotmthemproductmofmindividualsmbut,mrather,ma
nmentityminmitself,mindependentmandmseparatemfrommthemindividualsmwhommakemitmup.
Enlightenmentmandmconservativemperspectivesmarembothmrepresentedminmsociologymthroug
hmthemmicrom(individual)mandmmacrom(society-wide)mapproaches,mrespectively.
Diff:mModerate
Type:mES
m
PagemReference:m35-
37mSkill:mConceptual
Objective:mDescribemthemearlymcontributionsmofmsocialmphilosophersmandmtheirmrelevancem
tomclassicalmsociologicalmtheory.
3) Comparemandmcontrastmfunctionalismmandmconflictmtheorymasmdiscussedminmthemtext.mH
owmwouldmthemtwomperspectivesmexplainmcrime?mWhichmperspectivemdomyoumagreemwithmo
nmthismissuemandmwhy?
Answer:
Functionalistsmviewmthemsocialmworldmasmamdynamicmsystemmofminterrelatedmandminterdep
endentmparts.mSocialmstructuresmexistmtomhelpmpeoplemfulfillmtheirmwantsmandmdesiresmasmde
finedmbymsocialmvalues.
Conflictmtheorymismbasedmonmthemassumptionmthatmsocietymismgroundedmonminequalitymandmc
ompetitionmovermscarcemresourcesmthatmultimatelymresultminmconflict,mwhichmoftenminspiresm
socialmchange.mTwombasicmprinciplesmthatmallmconflictmtheoristsmsharemaremthatm(1)mpowermis
mthemcoremofmallmsocialmrelationshipsmandmismscarcemandmunequallymdividedmamongmmember
smofmsociety,mandm(2)msocialmvaluesmandmthemdominantmideologymaremvehiclesmbymwhichmthem
powerfulmpromotemtheirmownminterestsmatmthemexpensemofmthemweak.
Formfunctionalists,mcrimemmightmbemconsideredmfunctionalmormdysfunctional,mwhereasmco
nflictmtheoristsmwouldmviewmcrimemasmamproductmofmanmunequalmsystemmthatmproducesmine
qualitymbetweenmthoseminmpowermandmthosemwhomaremmarginalized.mInmthemlattermcase,mcri
memreflectsmtheminterestsmofmthoseminmpower.
Diff:mChallenging
Copyrightm©m2016mPearsonmCanadamIn
c.
2-2
mynursytest.store
, DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Exploring Sociology Canadian Perspective 3rd
m m m m m m m m m
Edition Ravelli m
Ravelli/Webber:mExploringmSociology:mAmCanadianmPerspective,mThirdmEditi
onmChapterm02:mClassicalmSocialmTheories
Type:mES
PagemReference:m38-
39/47mSkill:mApplied/Conc
eptual
Objective:mReviewmandmcritiquemfunctionalismmandmthemcontributionsmofmitsmprincipalmthe
orists,mreviewmandmcritiquemconflictmtheorymandmthemcontributionsmofmitsmfoundingmtheoris
ts.
4) ExplainmhowmSpencer’smideamofm“survivalmofmthemfittest”mledmtomthemconceptmandmpract
icemofmsocialmDarwinismminmthemUS.mHowmismthismpositionminconsistentmwithmthemsociolog
icalmimagination,mandmwhymdomsociologistsmtendmtombemquitemcriticalmofmthesemideas?
Answer:
Spencermcamemtombelievemthatmoverpopulationmwouldmbecomemamsocialmproblemmovermtime
mandmbelievedmthat,masmamresult,mpeoplemwouldmbemforcedmtomcompetemovermincreasinglymsc
arcemresources.mThismledmhimmtomcoinmthemtermmsurvivalmofmthemfittest.mSpencermarguedmthatm
societiesmcanmbemselectedmforminmthemsamemwaymasmbiologicalmorganisms.
ThismresultedminmSpencer’smconceptmofmsocialmDarwinism,mwhichmemploysmamfunctionalistm
approachmbymsuggestingmthatmsocietiesmevolvembecausemtheremismamreasonmformthemchangesm
(i.e.,mtheymneedmtomsurvive).mSpencer’smapproachmbecamemverympopularminmthemUnitedmStat
es,masmitmhelpedmtomexplainmwhymsomeminmsocietymweremdoingmwellmandmothersmweremnot.mS
omemweremsimplymmoremevolvedmormbettermadaptedmthanmothers.mAndmsincemthismwasmamnat
uralmprocess,mmanymbelievedmthatmnaturemshouldmbemallowedmtomtakemitsmcoursemandmthatmto
minterferemwouldmonlymmakemmattersmworse.
Thismpositionmisminconsistentmwithmthemsociologicalmimaginationmsincemitmdeniesmanmapprec
iationmofminheritedmsocialmdisadvantagemandmoutrightmdiscrimination.mAsmsuch,msociologist
smviewmSpencer’smideasmwithmamcriticalmeyemformamnumbermofmreasons.mFirst,mthesemideasmpr
ovidedmjustificationmformcolonialmexpansionmbymrichmandmpowerfulmcountriesmtompoormandm
weakmonesmsimplymbecausemthesemcountriesmweremcapablemofmit.mSecond,mhowmwouldmSpe
ncermexplainmthemfactmthatmsomemchildrenmofmthemrichmmaintainmtheirmadvantagemevenmthou
ghmtheymdomnotmpossessmanymofmtheirmparents’mpositivemattributes?mThird,mSpencer’smargu
mentmequatesmevolutionmwithmprogressmandmassumesmthatmovermtimemhumanmsocietymwillmin
evitablymimprove,mwhichmhasmnotmbeenmprovenmovermtime.
Diff:mModerate
Type:mES
m
PagemReference:m39-
40mSkill:mApplied/Concep
tual
Objective:mReviewmandmcritiquemfunctionalismmandmthemcontributionsmofmitsmprincipalmthe
orists,mreviewmandmcritiquemconflictmtheorymandmthemcontributionsmofmitsmfoundingmtheoris
ts.
Copyrightm©m2016mPearsonmCanadamIn
c.
2-3
mynursytest.store
m m m m m m m m m
Edition Ravelli m
Ravelli/Webber:mExploringmSociology:mAmCanadianmPerspective,mThirdmEditi
onmChapterm02:mClassicalmSocialmTheories
1) BenjaminmFranklinmismquotedmtomhavemsaid,m“Thosemwhomwouldmsacrificemfreedommfor
msecuritymdeservemneither.”mHowmdoesmthismcontrastmwithmHobbes’smideasmofmthemrolemofm
themstate?
Answer:
Hobbesmbelievedmthat,matmtheirmmostmbasic,mpeoplemaremmotivatedmbymself-
interestmandmthempursuitmofmpower.mLivingminmamnaturalmstatemwouldmhavembeenmambrutalme
xistence;msincemeveryonemwasminmdirectmcompetitionmwithmeachmother,mpeoplemwouldmhav
emlivedminmamconstantmstatemofmfear.mWithmtheirmwantsmalwaysmseemingmtomexceedmwhatmw
asmavailable,mtheremwasmconstantmpotentialmformam“warmofmallmagainstmall.”mHobbesmthusma
rguedmthatmsincempeoplemaremnaturallymrationalmbeings,minmordermtomgainmpeacemandmprotec
tionmtheymwouldmbemwillingmtomentermintomamcollectivemagreementmthatmwouldmseemthemmgi
vemupmsomemofmtheirmindividualmfreedommandmautonomymtomanmabsolutemauthoritym(e.g.,md
emocracy,mmonarchy).mThismcollectivemagreementmrepresentedmanmimportantmtransitionmin
mthatmitmdemonstratedmthemhumanmcapacitymtomforgomindependencemandmautonomyminmretur
nmformcollectivembenefit.mInmessence,mitmpromotesmexactlymwhatmFranklinmwarnsmagainst:ms
acrificingmfreedommformsecurity.
Diff:mChallenging
Type:mES
m
PagemReference:m32
Skill:mApplied/Conceptual
Objective:mDescribemthemearlymcontributionsmofmsocialmphilosophersmandmtheirmrelevancem
tomclassicalmsociologicalmtheory.
2) DevelopmanmessayminmwhichmyoumdiscussmthemrelationshipmbetweenmEnlightenme
ntmthinkingmandmthembirthmofmsociology.
Answer:
ThemtextbookmarguesmthatmsociologymwasmbornmnotmfrommthemrevolutionarymideasmofmEnlig
htenmentmthinkingmbut,mrather,mfrommthemconservativemreactionmagainstmthem.mBeforemthem
Enlightenment,mpeople’smthinkingmwasmdirectedmbymGod,mthemChurch,mandmthemaristocracy
.mEnlightenmentmthinking,mhowever,mpromotedmhumanmagencymandmthusmwasmamclearmconti
nuationmofmthemwritingsmofmHobbes,mLocke,mMontesquieu,mandmRousseau.mToday,mseeingmo
urselvesmasmengagedmandmautonomousmbeingsmseemsmobvious,mbutmatmthemtimemthismindepe
ndencemofmthoughtmcreatedmamgreatmdealmofmturmoil,mnotmonlymformthemChurchmbutmalsomform
societymasmamwhole.mThemEnlightenmentmwasmnothingmlessmthanmamreorderingmofmhowmpeop
lemsawmthemworldmandmtheirmroleminmit.
Enlightenmentmphilosophersmchallengedmmanymbeliefsmthatmweremgroundedminmtraditionm(e.
g.,minheritedmtitlesmandmwealthmthatmweremnotmbasedmonmdemonstratedmabilitymormskill)mandm
encouragedmthemabilitymofmthemmassesmtomtakemcontrolmofmtheirmlivesmandmchallengemtheirmo
ppressors.mThismultimatelymledmtomthemAmericanmandmFrenchmrevolutions,mwhichmresultedmi
nmthousandsmofmdeaths.mBothmrevolutionsmhadmamlastingminfluence:mformthemfirstmtimeminmhist
ory,
Copyrightm©m2016mPearsonmCanadamIn
c.
2-1
mynursytest.store
,DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Exploring Sociology Canadian Perspective 3rd
m m m m m m m m m
Edition Ravelli m
Ravelli/Webber:mExploringmSociology:mAmCanadianmPerspective,mThirdmEditi
onmChapterm02:mClassicalmSocialmTheories
entiremsocietiesmweremcompletelymreorganizedmaccordingmtomthemsecularmidealsmofmsoc
ialmequalitymandmliberty.
However,mthemchaosmandmdisruptionmbroughtmonmbymthesemidealsmofmindividualmautonomy,
mliberty,mandmthemprimacymofmrationalitymandmreasonmweremchallengedmbymconservatives,mw
hompromotedmamreturnmtomearliermtimesmwhenmsocietymwasmmoremstable.mInmeffect,mconserva
tivesmchallengedmthemverymbasismofmEnlightenmentmthinking.mAftermall,mtheymwouldmsugges
t,mthemculminationmofmthatmthinkingmledmtomrevolution,msomethingmnomonemshouldmwant.mAs
mdiscussed,monemofmthemguidingmprinciplesmofmthemEnlightenmentmwasmthembeliefminmindivid
ualmautonomymandmthemabsolutemnecessitymofmindependentmthoughtmandmreflection.mTomEnli
ghtenmentmthinkers,mthemindividualmwasmthembuildingmblockmformthementiremsociety.mInmcon
trast,mconservativesmbelievedmthatmsocietymismnotmthemproductmofmindividualsmbut,mrather,ma
nmentityminmitself,mindependentmandmseparatemfrommthemindividualsmwhommakemitmup.
Enlightenmentmandmconservativemperspectivesmarembothmrepresentedminmsociologymthroug
hmthemmicrom(individual)mandmmacrom(society-wide)mapproaches,mrespectively.
Diff:mModerate
Type:mES
m
PagemReference:m35-
37mSkill:mConceptual
Objective:mDescribemthemearlymcontributionsmofmsocialmphilosophersmandmtheirmrelevancem
tomclassicalmsociologicalmtheory.
3) Comparemandmcontrastmfunctionalismmandmconflictmtheorymasmdiscussedminmthemtext.mH
owmwouldmthemtwomperspectivesmexplainmcrime?mWhichmperspectivemdomyoumagreemwithmo
nmthismissuemandmwhy?
Answer:
Functionalistsmviewmthemsocialmworldmasmamdynamicmsystemmofminterrelatedmandminterdep
endentmparts.mSocialmstructuresmexistmtomhelpmpeoplemfulfillmtheirmwantsmandmdesiresmasmde
finedmbymsocialmvalues.
Conflictmtheorymismbasedmonmthemassumptionmthatmsocietymismgroundedmonminequalitymandmc
ompetitionmovermscarcemresourcesmthatmultimatelymresultminmconflict,mwhichmoftenminspiresm
socialmchange.mTwombasicmprinciplesmthatmallmconflictmtheoristsmsharemaremthatm(1)mpowermis
mthemcoremofmallmsocialmrelationshipsmandmismscarcemandmunequallymdividedmamongmmember
smofmsociety,mandm(2)msocialmvaluesmandmthemdominantmideologymaremvehiclesmbymwhichmthem
powerfulmpromotemtheirmownminterestsmatmthemexpensemofmthemweak.
Formfunctionalists,mcrimemmightmbemconsideredmfunctionalmormdysfunctional,mwhereasmco
nflictmtheoristsmwouldmviewmcrimemasmamproductmofmanmunequalmsystemmthatmproducesmine
qualitymbetweenmthoseminmpowermandmthosemwhomaremmarginalized.mInmthemlattermcase,mcri
memreflectsmtheminterestsmofmthoseminmpower.
Diff:mChallenging
Copyrightm©m2016mPearsonmCanadamIn
c.
2-2
mynursytest.store
, DOWNLOAD THE Test Bank for Exploring Sociology Canadian Perspective 3rd
m m m m m m m m m
Edition Ravelli m
Ravelli/Webber:mExploringmSociology:mAmCanadianmPerspective,mThirdmEditi
onmChapterm02:mClassicalmSocialmTheories
Type:mES
PagemReference:m38-
39/47mSkill:mApplied/Conc
eptual
Objective:mReviewmandmcritiquemfunctionalismmandmthemcontributionsmofmitsmprincipalmthe
orists,mreviewmandmcritiquemconflictmtheorymandmthemcontributionsmofmitsmfoundingmtheoris
ts.
4) ExplainmhowmSpencer’smideamofm“survivalmofmthemfittest”mledmtomthemconceptmandmpract
icemofmsocialmDarwinismminmthemUS.mHowmismthismpositionminconsistentmwithmthemsociolog
icalmimagination,mandmwhymdomsociologistsmtendmtombemquitemcriticalmofmthesemideas?
Answer:
Spencermcamemtombelievemthatmoverpopulationmwouldmbecomemamsocialmproblemmovermtime
mandmbelievedmthat,masmamresult,mpeoplemwouldmbemforcedmtomcompetemovermincreasinglymsc
arcemresources.mThismledmhimmtomcoinmthemtermmsurvivalmofmthemfittest.mSpencermarguedmthatm
societiesmcanmbemselectedmforminmthemsamemwaymasmbiologicalmorganisms.
ThismresultedminmSpencer’smconceptmofmsocialmDarwinism,mwhichmemploysmamfunctionalistm
approachmbymsuggestingmthatmsocietiesmevolvembecausemtheremismamreasonmformthemchangesm
(i.e.,mtheymneedmtomsurvive).mSpencer’smapproachmbecamemverympopularminmthemUnitedmStat
es,masmitmhelpedmtomexplainmwhymsomeminmsocietymweremdoingmwellmandmothersmweremnot.mS
omemweremsimplymmoremevolvedmormbettermadaptedmthanmothers.mAndmsincemthismwasmamnat
uralmprocess,mmanymbelievedmthatmnaturemshouldmbemallowedmtomtakemitsmcoursemandmthatmto
minterferemwouldmonlymmakemmattersmworse.
Thismpositionmisminconsistentmwithmthemsociologicalmimaginationmsincemitmdeniesmanmapprec
iationmofminheritedmsocialmdisadvantagemandmoutrightmdiscrimination.mAsmsuch,msociologist
smviewmSpencer’smideasmwithmamcriticalmeyemformamnumbermofmreasons.mFirst,mthesemideasmpr
ovidedmjustificationmformcolonialmexpansionmbymrichmandmpowerfulmcountriesmtompoormandm
weakmonesmsimplymbecausemthesemcountriesmweremcapablemofmit.mSecond,mhowmwouldmSpe
ncermexplainmthemfactmthatmsomemchildrenmofmthemrichmmaintainmtheirmadvantagemevenmthou
ghmtheymdomnotmpossessmanymofmtheirmparents’mpositivemattributes?mThird,mSpencer’smargu
mentmequatesmevolutionmwithmprogressmandmassumesmthatmovermtimemhumanmsocietymwillmin
evitablymimprove,mwhichmhasmnotmbeenmprovenmovermtime.
Diff:mModerate
Type:mES
m
PagemReference:m39-
40mSkill:mApplied/Concep
tual
Objective:mReviewmandmcritiquemfunctionalismmandmthemcontributionsmofmitsmprincipalmthe
orists,mreviewmandmcritiquemconflictmtheorymandmthemcontributionsmofmitsmfoundingmtheoris
ts.
Copyrightm©m2016mPearsonmCanadamIn
c.
2-3
mynursytest.store
