MSN 571 Pharmacology Week 1|Complete Questions with A+ Graded Answers

MSN 571 Pharmacology Week 1|Complete Questions with A+ Graded Answers How does age-related acidity decline in the stomach affect medication absorption? Absorption of some medications is affected by age-related acidity declines in the stomach. How do age-related changes in total body water and serum albumin levels affect medication distribution? Age-related changes such as decreased total body water and low serum albumin levels affect medication distribution, predisposing older adults to toxicity. How does decreased liver mass and blood flow affect medication metabolism? Decreased liver mass and blood flow alter medication metabolism, making more medication available in the bloodstream and predisposing older adults to toxicity. How does variable renal function due to normal aging affect the elimination of medications? Eliminating medications by the kidneys is affected by variable renal function due to normal aging. What are the consequences of declines in neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and dopamine associated with normal aging? Declines in neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and dopamine associated with normal aging can lead to increased toxicity. What are the effects of diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's on neurotransmitter loss? Diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's cause neurotransmitter loss, compounding the problem and leading to increased toxicity. What are the side effects of anticholinergic medications in older adults? Anticholinergic medications cause dry mouth, urinary retention, confusion, and impaired cognition in older adults. What is the purpose of the Beers Criteria? To decrease inappropriate medication use in the elderly. What are some common medications included in the Beers Criteria? Benzodiazepines, first-generation antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, and NSAIDs. What are the risks associated with benzodiazepines? Cognitive impairment, delirium, falls, fractures, and motor vehicle accidents. What are the risks associated with first-generation antihistamines? Confusion, dry mouth, constipation, and other anticholinergic symptoms such as drowsiness, somnolence, blurred vision, urinary retention, dry mouth, dizziness, constipation, and confusion. What are the risks associated with tricyclic antidepressants? Sedation, orthostatic hypotension, and anticholinergic symptoms. What are the risks associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)? GI bleeding and ulcers. Give examples of benzodiazepines included in the Beers Criteria. Lorazepam and diazepam. Give examples of first-generation antihistamines included in the Beers Criteria. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and hydroxyzine. Give examples of tricyclic antidepressants included in the Beers Criteria. Amitriptyline and nortriptyline. Give examples of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) included in the Beers Criteria. Ibuprofen and naproxen. What are some changes in pharmacokinetics during pregnancy? Increases in drug-metabolizing enzymes, altered body composition, organ blood flow, and increased glomerular filtration rate. How does increased elimination affect drug exposure during pregnancy? Increased elimination results in decreased drug exposure. What can pregnancy cause in terms of medication levels? Pregnancy can produce decreased medication levels for medications requiring therapeutic monitoring regarding dose alterations despite adherence to the prescribed regimen. What types of medications do pregnant women take? Pregnant women take various over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medications. What are some physiological changes during pregnancy that affect pharmacokinetics? Physiological changes during pregnancy include increases in drug-metabolizing enzymes, altered body composition, organ blood flow, and increased glomerular filtration rate. What factors affect medication absorption in infants? Prolonged GI tract emptying time, variable peristalsis, decreased gastric pH, and differing blood flow to tissues. How is medication distribution altered in newborns and infants? Increased total body water, decreased body fat, and decreased levels of plasma proteins. What affects the metabolism of medications in newborns and infants? Delays in drug-metabolizing enzymes.