StraighterLine BIO250 - Microbiology Final Exam Study Guide 2024/2025 Updated, Guaranteed

StraighterLine BIO250 - Microbiology Final Exam Study Guide 2024/2025 Updated, Guaranteed StraighterLine BIO250 - Microbiology Final Exam Study Guide . 2 / 20 1. What is a Transforming Infection?: Virus that alters cell DNA, leading to cancer 2. What is a lysogenic infection?: Phage DNA is incorporated into host genome and is passed on to subsequent generations 3. What is a Lytic Bacteriophage Infection?: Host cell gets so packed with viruses that is lyses (splits) open and releases mature virions 4. What are the three principle purposes of cultivating viruses?: 1.) Isolate and ID viruses in clinical specimens 2.) Prepare viruses for vaccines 3.) Research viral strucutre, multiplication cycles, genetics, and effects on hosts5. What are three ways in which viruses are cultivated?: 1.) Using live animal inoculation 2.) Using bird embryos 3.) Using cell (tissue) culture techniques 6. What are three noncellular infections agents besides viruses?: Prions, viroids, and satellite viruses. 7. List the essential nutrients of a bacterial cell:: CHONPS C - arbon H - ydrogen N - itrogen P - hosphate S - ulphur StraighterLine BIO250 - Microbiology Final Exam Study Guide . 3 / 20 8. What are four terms that describe an organisms source of Carbon and Energy?: Photoautotrophos, chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs, lithoautotrophs 9. Define Saprobe:: A microbe that decomposes organic remains from dead organisms 10. Define Parasite: An organism that lives in or within a host from which it obtains nutrients and enjoys protection. Produces some degree of harm to host 11. Define Diffusion:: movement from high to low 12. Define Osmosis:: Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane 13. hypotonic cell:: cells that are less concentrated than their environment; water rushes in, may burst cell 14. hypertonic cell:: cells that are more concentrated than their environment; water rushes out of the cell causing it to shrivel 15. isotonic cell:: extracellular environment has the same concentration of solutes as the cell cytoplasm 16. types of passive transport: Facilitated diffusion, molecule-specific, simple diffusion 17 facilitated diffusion: passive transport: Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels by binding to receptors 18. molecule specific transport: Passive transport goes both directions. Rate is limited by number of binding sites on transport proteins 19. simple diffusion: Fundamental property of atoms and molecults that exist in a state of random motion StraighterLine BIO250 - Microbiology Final Exam Study Guide . 4 / 20 20. Name three types of active transport:: Carrier mediated, group translocation, bulk transport 21. Carrier-mediated Transport is...: Active transport where atoms or molecules are pumped into or out of the cell by specialized receptors 22. Group translocation transport is....: Active transport where molecule is moved across membrane and converted to a metabolically useful substance 23. Bulk transport is....: active transport of large particles/cells/liquids by enfulcing in a vesicle (e.g. endocytosis, phagocytosis, etc.) 24. Ways in which different organisms dead with oxygen...: Can use oxygen and detoxify is, can neither use nor detoxify is, cannot use but can detoxify it. 25. What are the five types of associations microbes can have with their hosts?: Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Antagonism, Synergism 26. Define mutualism: both organisms benefit 27. Define commensalism: one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped 28. Define Parasitism: one species benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host) 29. Define Antagonism: Members of a community compete (some members are inhibited or destroyed by others. 30. Define synergism: an optional cooperation where both species benefit, but can grow independently 31. Characteristic of biofilms that differentiate them from planktonic bacteria:: Biofilms respond to the environment by sensing and planktonic does not resplond to the environment because they are free floating StraighterLine BIO250 - Microbiology Final Exam Study Guide . 5 / 20 32. How do bacteria divide?: binary fission 33. What are the four phases of growth in bacterial growth curve?: Lag phase, Log Phase, Stationary Phase, Death Phase 34. What are methods besides a growth curve to count bacteria?: Turbidity, Direct Cell COunt,m Automated devises, Flow cytometer 35. What is metabolism?: All chemical reactions and workings of a cell 36. What is catabolism?: Breaks down bomnds of larger molecules to release energy and conserves energy in form of ATP 37 What is Anabolism?: Use of ATP for biosynthesis 38. What is the function of enzymes?: Biological catalysts that lower activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction 39. What is the structure of enzymes?: Unique shapes, Protein. Lock and Key fit. 40. Whats the difference between Apoenzymes and Haloenzymes:: Apoenzymes: Is the protein part of an enzyme Haloenzymes (Conjugated Enzymes): Is biochmiecally active compound formed by combination of an enzume with coenzyme. 41. Difference between endoenzyme and exoenzyme?: Endo = Intracellular enzyme Exo = Acts outside the cell 42. Difference between Constitutive and Regulated Enzymes?: Constitutive: Enzymes consistent present in consistent amounts regardless of presence of substrate Regulated: Enzyme production turned on or off depending on the envionment and presence of substrate StraighterLine BIO250 - Microbiology Final Exam Study Guide . 6 / 20 43. How are enzymes controlled?: Competitive inhibition, noncompetitive inhibition, repression, and induction. 44. competitive inhibition is....: substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site 45. Noncompetitive inhibition is....: inhibitor binds elsewhere on the enzyme; alters active site so that the substrate cannot bind 46. enzyme repression is....: a means to stop further synthesis of an enzyme somewhere along its pathway 47. enzyme induction is....: enzymes are made only when suitable substrates are present 48. What are the electron carriers used by cells?: NAD+ and FADH2 (NAD and FAD) 49. What are the three catabolic pathways?: Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation 50. How many ATPs are forms in Aerobic Respiration?: 36-38 51. How many ATPs are formed in Anaerobic Respiration?: 2-36 52. How many ATPs are formed in fermentation?: 2 53. Describe the Krebs Cycle: - Transfers energy stores in Acetyle CoA to NAD and FAD by reducing them. - 2 cycles of pyruvate acid to oxaloacetate - Yields 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH 54 Why is the electron transport system significant?: - Acceptance of electrons and hydrogen by oxygen, producing water - Yields 3 ATP for aerobic respiration and 3 ATP for anaerobic StraighterLine BIO250 - Microbiology Final Exam Study Guide . 7 / 20 55. How does anaerobic respiration differ from aerobic respiration?: Ana: Final electron receptor in electron transport chain is an inorganic molecule other than oxygen. Aero: Final electron acceptor in the chain is Oxygen 56. What is fermentation?: the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat. 57. How are noncarbohydrate compounds catabolized?: Lipids are broken down into glycerol by lipases, proteins are broken down into amino acids by proteaces (amino groups are are removed by deamination). 58. Define amphibolism?: - Pertaining to the metabolic pathways that serve multiple functions in the breakdown, synthesis, and conversion of metabolites. - The sum of the metabolic pathways that lead to both catabolic and anabolic outcomes, such as beta-oxidation of fatty acids by the liver. 59. What is the process of photosynthesis?: plants take solar energy, convert it to ATP and fix CO2 into chemical energy stored in the bonds of carbohydrates. 60. What are light-dependent reactions?: reactions of photosynthesis that use