HLE Final Exam Study Guide questions
and correct answers
adaptive immunity - correct answer ✔✔Immunity to infection acquired by the activation of antigen-
specific lymphocytes in response to infection or immunization.
immunity - correct answer ✔✔Resistance to infection
immunization - correct answer ✔✔The process of conferring immunity to a pathogen by administering a
vaccine to a person.
bacterium - correct answer ✔✔a microscopic single-celled organism with a cell wall (plural, bacteria)
protozoan - correct answer ✔✔A microscopic single-celled organism that often produces recurrent,
cyclical attacks of disease; plural, protozoa.
virus - correct answer ✔✔A very small infectious agent composed of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
surrounded by a protein coat.
fungus - correct answer ✔✔A single-celled or multicelled organism that reproduces by spores and feeds
on organic matter; examples include molds, mushrooms, and yeasts.
pathogen - correct answer ✔✔An organism that causes disease.
bacilli - correct answer ✔✔rod-shaped
cocci - correct answer ✔✔spherical
spirochete - correct answer ✔✔spiral-shaped
, vibrios - correct answer ✔✔comma-shaped
epidemic - correct answer ✔✔a rapidly spreading disease or health-related condition.
systemic infection - correct answer ✔✔an infection spread by the blood or lymphatic system to large
portions of the body
influenza (flu) - correct answer ✔✔infection of the respiratory tract by the influenza virus, which is highly
infectious and prone to variation
pneumonia - correct answer ✔✔Inflammation of the lungs, typically caused by infection or exposure to
chemical toxins or irritants
hepatitis - correct answer ✔✔inflammation of the liver, which can be caused by infection, drugs, or
toxins.
urethritis - correct answer ✔✔inflammation of the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the
outside opening
respiratory tract - correct answer ✔✔the organs that are involved in breathing; includes: nose, throat,
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
anaphylaxis - correct answer ✔✔A severe systemic hypersensitive reaction to an allergen characterized
by difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, heart arrhythmia, seizure, and sometimes death
antigen - correct answer ✔✔a substance that triggers the immune response. Also called non-self
markers.
bacterial vaginosis - correct answer ✔✔a condition that may be linked to sexual activity, it is caused by
an overgrowth of certain bacteria inhabiting the vagina; the most common cause of abnormal discharge
in women of reproductive age
and correct answers
adaptive immunity - correct answer ✔✔Immunity to infection acquired by the activation of antigen-
specific lymphocytes in response to infection or immunization.
immunity - correct answer ✔✔Resistance to infection
immunization - correct answer ✔✔The process of conferring immunity to a pathogen by administering a
vaccine to a person.
bacterium - correct answer ✔✔a microscopic single-celled organism with a cell wall (plural, bacteria)
protozoan - correct answer ✔✔A microscopic single-celled organism that often produces recurrent,
cyclical attacks of disease; plural, protozoa.
virus - correct answer ✔✔A very small infectious agent composed of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
surrounded by a protein coat.
fungus - correct answer ✔✔A single-celled or multicelled organism that reproduces by spores and feeds
on organic matter; examples include molds, mushrooms, and yeasts.
pathogen - correct answer ✔✔An organism that causes disease.
bacilli - correct answer ✔✔rod-shaped
cocci - correct answer ✔✔spherical
spirochete - correct answer ✔✔spiral-shaped
, vibrios - correct answer ✔✔comma-shaped
epidemic - correct answer ✔✔a rapidly spreading disease or health-related condition.
systemic infection - correct answer ✔✔an infection spread by the blood or lymphatic system to large
portions of the body
influenza (flu) - correct answer ✔✔infection of the respiratory tract by the influenza virus, which is highly
infectious and prone to variation
pneumonia - correct answer ✔✔Inflammation of the lungs, typically caused by infection or exposure to
chemical toxins or irritants
hepatitis - correct answer ✔✔inflammation of the liver, which can be caused by infection, drugs, or
toxins.
urethritis - correct answer ✔✔inflammation of the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the
outside opening
respiratory tract - correct answer ✔✔the organs that are involved in breathing; includes: nose, throat,
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
anaphylaxis - correct answer ✔✔A severe systemic hypersensitive reaction to an allergen characterized
by difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, heart arrhythmia, seizure, and sometimes death
antigen - correct answer ✔✔a substance that triggers the immune response. Also called non-self
markers.
bacterial vaginosis - correct answer ✔✔a condition that may be linked to sexual activity, it is caused by
an overgrowth of certain bacteria inhabiting the vagina; the most common cause of abnormal discharge
in women of reproductive age
