PSYC 012 Chapter 8 Inquizitive- Exam Questions Answered Correctly Latest Update 2024 (Already Passed)

PSYC 012 Chapter 8 Inquizitive- Exam Questions Answered Correctly Latest Update 2024 (Already Passed) Which two validities are the most important to establish for an association claim? - Answers Most Important: statistical validity construct validity Less Important: external validity internal validity Drag each claim to the scatterplot that best represents it. - Answers Positive relation: Eating more fast food is linked to higher cholesterol. Negative relation: Increased aspirin use is associated with fewer heart attacks No relation: Hours spent listening to classical music are not associated with infant intelligence. Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about testing association claims. - Answers An association claim with [ two ] variables can be examined with a [ bivariate ] correlation, and the results of the test have two primary components. The first component tells you whether the association is positive or negative; it is referred to as [ direction ]. The second component tells you how closely the variables are associated; it is referred to as [ strength ]. Siva is investigating an association claim between political beliefs and age. His data show a correlation of r = .35. However, upon closer examination, Siva finds that the correlation is much stronger for men than it is for women. What type of variable is gender is this example? - Answers moderator Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about statistical representations of correlations. - Answers The term [ effect size ] describes the strength of an association between variables, and in correlations it is typically captured by a(n) [ r value ]. The precision of the correlation estimate is captured by a(n) [ 95% CI ]. Identify the associations as either statistically significant or not statistically significant. - Answers Statistically significant: r = .65, 95% CI [.33, .97] r = .23, 95% CI [.03, .40] r = -.42, 95% CI [-.20, -.64] Not Statistically Significant: r = −.35, 95% CI [−.71, .01] r = .25, 95% CI [−.15, .55] r = −.41, 95% CI [−.85, .03] Francisco is conducting an international study about a new website that is preparing to launch worldwide. He wants to see whether men or women are more likely to be interested in the new website so he can know which demographic to market it to. After he collects his data, Francisco discovers that whether the men and women surveyed were from Asia or North America changed how they responded to the website. Men from Asian countries were the most interested in his website, whereas women from North American countries were the least interested. Match each variable in Francisco's study to the correct definition. - Answers independent variable: gender dependent variable: interest moderator: geographic area Vanessa is investigating the relationship between socioeconomic status and mental illness. She samples a group of low-income participants and finds that the relationship between her two variables is very weak. Vanessa plots her data on this scatterplot and does not see any obvious problems with it. What issue is most likely affecting Vanessa's results? - Answers restriction of range Mischel et al. (1972) studied delay of gratification in preschoolers. The researchers offered preschoolers a special reward if they could wait, or a less attractive treat if they chose not to wait. The researchers then conducted a follow-up study years later, studying the same preschoolers as adolescents. The researchers found a positive association between the preschoolers' waiting times and their self-control as adolescents. Match each question to the type of validity it interrogates. - Answers external validity: Can the results be generalized to all American children? internal validity: Is there a third variable that explains this relationship? statistical validity: Has this association been replicated? construct validity: How well was delay of gratification measured? Milek et al. (2018) conducted several studies looking at deep talk and well-being. Identify the true and false statements about this study based on the graph. - Answers True Statement (s): Multiple estimates gave Milek and her colleagues solid evidence for the association between deep talk and well-being. Milek and her colleagues conducted multiple studies to replicate their results. False Statement (s): Multiple studies showed that deep talk and well-being were negatively associated. The studies with larger samples have wider confidence intervals Identify the true and false statements about describing and analyzing associations. - Answers True Statement (s): When one of the variables in an association is categorical, researchers often analyze the difference between the means of the groups. When both variables in a study are measured, it is a correlational study. False Statement (s): Bar graphs show the data points for each participant. Scatterplots are often used to graph the relationship between a categorical variable and a quantitative variable. Identify each correlation as either statistically significant or not statistically significant. - Answers Not Statistically Insignificant: r = .21, 95% CI [−.17, .59] r = −.45, 95% CI [−.92, .03]n Statistically Significant: r = −.23, 95% CI [−.33, −.13] r = .10, 95% CI [.05, .15] José is investigating the relationship between exam anxiety and exam grades. He collects students' ratings of their own anxiety before an exam, and then he collects their exam scores afterward. When he calculates the correlation, he finds no relationship. José plots his data on this scatterplot and sees that both students who had no anxiety and students who had lots of anxiety performed poorly on exams—but students who reported moderate anxiety did very well. What issue is most likely affecting José's results? - Answers curvilinear association Identify the true and false statements about this graph, which depicts the association between meeting location and marital satisfaction. - Answers True Statement(s) This association involves one categorical and one quantitative variable. This association would be best analyzed by looking at the difference in group averages. False Statement(s) A scatterplot is the best way to depict this association. This figure depicts a strong positive correlation between meeting location and marital satisfaction. A recent study with 3,000 participants reported a fairly powerful negative correlation between the number of class absences by college students and their GPAs. According to recent guidelines for interpreting the magnitude of effect sizes, what r value was most likely to have been reported in this study? - Answers -.30