TEST BANK FOR EVOLUTIONARY
ANALYSIS 5TH EDITION BY
HERRON JON; FREEMAN SCOTT
CHAPTER 1-20 EXAM WITH
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
COMPLETE 100% VERIFIED
CORRECT AND WELL
EXPLAINED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES GRADED A+ BY
EXPERTS LATEST VERSION 2024
WITH GUARANTEED SUCCESS
AFTER DOWNLOAD
ALREADYPASSED!!!!!!! (PROVEN
ITS ALL YOU NEED TO EXCEL IN
YOUR EXAMS)
1
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
, 2
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
, Chapter 1 A Case for Evolutionary Thinking: Understanding HIV
Average fitness (ω with line) the measure of how well, on average, any individual from the
population survives to reproduce.
(ω with line) = p^2(x relative fitness of AA) + 2pq(x relative fitness of Aa) + q^2 (x relative
fitness of aa) How to calculate average fitness
(ω) = Absolute fitness of genotype/Max absolute fitness (** remember, highest relative fitness =
1 and the rest are fractions of 1.) How to calculate relative fitness (ω)
Selection Coefficient (s) Represents the relative fitness of a genotype to another genotype
and measures the proportion that the genotype is less fit.
s=1-ω Formula for selection coefficient
selectively neutral S=0
complete lethality s=1
mutation rate (μ) the number of nucleotide difference per gene, per generation
10^-4 to 10^-8Typical range for mutation rate
NO, not rapid enough Is mutation by itself a mechanism of evolution?
p(t) = p(o) (1-μ)^t Frequency of allele A can be calculated for any generation (t) given the
original frequency population p(o) by
p(t) = p(t-1) X (1-μ) Frequency of allele A in a generation based on the frequency in the
previous generation is
selection and mutation combined _____ and _____ is very important for evolution
Beneficial mutations ________ ________ can be fixed quickly in a population
Deleterious mutations ________ _______ can be eliminated in a population
Lost Most favorable mutations are _____ by chance soon after they arise
selection reduces the frequency of deleterious alleles
mutation increases the frequency of deleterious alleles
mutation-selection balance when an equilibrium is reached in the population in which the
number of new mutations equals the number estimated by selection
q(hat) = Sqrt(μ/s)
where (μ = mutation rate)
and (s = selection coefficient) formula for the frequency (q hat) of the deleterious allele at
mutation-selection balance
Homologous genes Genes that share a recent common ancestor based upon phylogenetic
analysis
Orthologous genes homologous genes that are found in different species that are due to
speciation events
Paralogous Genes homologous genes that are due to a duplication event in a particular
species
Brachydactyly Shortness of the digits caused by autosomal dominant allele
(BB, Bb) - Short Digits
Godfrey Hardy Discovers why Brachydactyly is not more prevalent in people
HARDY-WEINBERG Principle In a two allele autosomal system with alleles A and a,
having frequencies p and q (where p+q = 1), and every subsequent generation will maintain the
same genotype frequencies if the conditions still hold (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium)
3
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
, p^2 Genotype Frequency for AA in Hardy Weinberg (after one generation)
2pq Genotype Frequency for Aa in Hardy Weinberg (after one generation)
q^2 Genotype Frequency for aa in Hardy Weinberg (after one generation)
p^2 + 2pq + q^2=1 Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation
H-W Principles 1. Null model of no change, no evolution
2. Suggests genetic variability does not decrease over time
3. Dominant/recessive has no impact on the allele frequencies, they are just descriptions of how
alleles are expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote
1. Random Mating
2. Large population size
3. No mutation
4. No migration
5. No selection - equal fitness of all genotypes Conditions assumed for Hardy-Weinberg (5)
declines In genetic drift, the frequency of heterozygotes...
Sewall Wright The probability equation that models whether a given allele will drift to fixation
was developed by...
2N A diploid population contains a total of _____ gene copes in a population of "N"
individuals
Fixed or lost At some point in genetic drift, one of the 2N alleles will either be
each allele has chance of fixation = 1/(2N) The probability equation that models whether a
given allele will drift to fixation
the alleles' initial frequency in the population the probability that any given allele will be
the one that drifts to fixation is equal to
unstable equilibrium at p=0.5 On a graph depicting the loss of heterozygosity due to drift, as a
function of p, when do heterozygotes have the highest frequency?
H(g+1) = Hg[1-(1/(2N)], where the value of 1-(1/(2N) is always between 0.5 and 1. To
determine the frequency of heterozygotes in the next generation, we can use the formula
less in genetic drift, heterozygotes will always be _____ in the subsequent generation
Peter Buri Studied genetic drift in lab populations of Drosophila
Effective population size (Ne) the size of an ideal theoretical population that would lose
heterozygosity at the same rate as an actual population size (sensitive to the differences in
number of active females vs. males
Ne = 4(Nm)(Nf)/(Nm + Nf) Formula for effective population size
Templeton and his Collard Lizards in Missouri's Ozarks Natural case study for genetic drift
Russell Wallace and Charles Darwin Who are the co-founders of evolutionary ideology?
1. Desire to be thorough
2. To avoid public spotlight
3. Out of consideration for his wife Why did Darwin wait to publish his work
Descent with modification Darwin's Big Idea
1. Individuals within a population are variable
2. The variations among individuals are heritable
3. Every generation has individuals that are more successful at surviving/reproducing than others
4.The survival and reproduction of individuals is not random, rather the individuals with the
most favorable variations will be naturally selected What does Descent with Modification entail?
4
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
ANALYSIS 5TH EDITION BY
HERRON JON; FREEMAN SCOTT
CHAPTER 1-20 EXAM WITH
ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
COMPLETE 100% VERIFIED
CORRECT AND WELL
EXPLAINED ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES GRADED A+ BY
EXPERTS LATEST VERSION 2024
WITH GUARANTEED SUCCESS
AFTER DOWNLOAD
ALREADYPASSED!!!!!!! (PROVEN
ITS ALL YOU NEED TO EXCEL IN
YOUR EXAMS)
1
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
, 2
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
, Chapter 1 A Case for Evolutionary Thinking: Understanding HIV
Average fitness (ω with line) the measure of how well, on average, any individual from the
population survives to reproduce.
(ω with line) = p^2(x relative fitness of AA) + 2pq(x relative fitness of Aa) + q^2 (x relative
fitness of aa) How to calculate average fitness
(ω) = Absolute fitness of genotype/Max absolute fitness (** remember, highest relative fitness =
1 and the rest are fractions of 1.) How to calculate relative fitness (ω)
Selection Coefficient (s) Represents the relative fitness of a genotype to another genotype
and measures the proportion that the genotype is less fit.
s=1-ω Formula for selection coefficient
selectively neutral S=0
complete lethality s=1
mutation rate (μ) the number of nucleotide difference per gene, per generation
10^-4 to 10^-8Typical range for mutation rate
NO, not rapid enough Is mutation by itself a mechanism of evolution?
p(t) = p(o) (1-μ)^t Frequency of allele A can be calculated for any generation (t) given the
original frequency population p(o) by
p(t) = p(t-1) X (1-μ) Frequency of allele A in a generation based on the frequency in the
previous generation is
selection and mutation combined _____ and _____ is very important for evolution
Beneficial mutations ________ ________ can be fixed quickly in a population
Deleterious mutations ________ _______ can be eliminated in a population
Lost Most favorable mutations are _____ by chance soon after they arise
selection reduces the frequency of deleterious alleles
mutation increases the frequency of deleterious alleles
mutation-selection balance when an equilibrium is reached in the population in which the
number of new mutations equals the number estimated by selection
q(hat) = Sqrt(μ/s)
where (μ = mutation rate)
and (s = selection coefficient) formula for the frequency (q hat) of the deleterious allele at
mutation-selection balance
Homologous genes Genes that share a recent common ancestor based upon phylogenetic
analysis
Orthologous genes homologous genes that are found in different species that are due to
speciation events
Paralogous Genes homologous genes that are due to a duplication event in a particular
species
Brachydactyly Shortness of the digits caused by autosomal dominant allele
(BB, Bb) - Short Digits
Godfrey Hardy Discovers why Brachydactyly is not more prevalent in people
HARDY-WEINBERG Principle In a two allele autosomal system with alleles A and a,
having frequencies p and q (where p+q = 1), and every subsequent generation will maintain the
same genotype frequencies if the conditions still hold (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium)
3
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
, p^2 Genotype Frequency for AA in Hardy Weinberg (after one generation)
2pq Genotype Frequency for Aa in Hardy Weinberg (after one generation)
q^2 Genotype Frequency for aa in Hardy Weinberg (after one generation)
p^2 + 2pq + q^2=1 Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation
H-W Principles 1. Null model of no change, no evolution
2. Suggests genetic variability does not decrease over time
3. Dominant/recessive has no impact on the allele frequencies, they are just descriptions of how
alleles are expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote
1. Random Mating
2. Large population size
3. No mutation
4. No migration
5. No selection - equal fitness of all genotypes Conditions assumed for Hardy-Weinberg (5)
declines In genetic drift, the frequency of heterozygotes...
Sewall Wright The probability equation that models whether a given allele will drift to fixation
was developed by...
2N A diploid population contains a total of _____ gene copes in a population of "N"
individuals
Fixed or lost At some point in genetic drift, one of the 2N alleles will either be
each allele has chance of fixation = 1/(2N) The probability equation that models whether a
given allele will drift to fixation
the alleles' initial frequency in the population the probability that any given allele will be
the one that drifts to fixation is equal to
unstable equilibrium at p=0.5 On a graph depicting the loss of heterozygosity due to drift, as a
function of p, when do heterozygotes have the highest frequency?
H(g+1) = Hg[1-(1/(2N)], where the value of 1-(1/(2N) is always between 0.5 and 1. To
determine the frequency of heterozygotes in the next generation, we can use the formula
less in genetic drift, heterozygotes will always be _____ in the subsequent generation
Peter Buri Studied genetic drift in lab populations of Drosophila
Effective population size (Ne) the size of an ideal theoretical population that would lose
heterozygosity at the same rate as an actual population size (sensitive to the differences in
number of active females vs. males
Ne = 4(Nm)(Nf)/(Nm + Nf) Formula for effective population size
Templeton and his Collard Lizards in Missouri's Ozarks Natural case study for genetic drift
Russell Wallace and Charles Darwin Who are the co-founders of evolutionary ideology?
1. Desire to be thorough
2. To avoid public spotlight
3. Out of consideration for his wife Why did Darwin wait to publish his work
Descent with modification Darwin's Big Idea
1. Individuals within a population are variable
2. The variations among individuals are heritable
3. Every generation has individuals that are more successful at surviving/reproducing than others
4.The survival and reproduction of individuals is not random, rather the individuals with the
most favorable variations will be naturally selected What does Descent with Modification entail?
4
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
