Psychology 1010 final exam| 400
Questions and Answers (Correct)
1. What is Psychology? - -The scientific study of behavior and mental
processes(Hard vs. Soft science)
-focuses on critical thinking (not just negative) and is scientific
- 1. Pseudopsychologies - -unreliable approaches that do not use the
scientific method
-astrology, palmistry, psychokinesis, follicology
- 1.Psychology's Four Goals - -1. Description: tells" what occurred"
2. Explanation: tells "why" a behavior or mental process occurred
3. Prediction: identifies conditions "under which a future behavior or mental
process is likely to occur"
4.Change: applies psychological knowledge to prevent unwanted or to bring
about desired goals
- 1.Types of Psychology - --biopsychology/ neuroscience
-clinical and counseling psychology
-cognitive psychology
- developmental psychology
education and school psychology
experimental psychology
-forensic psychology
-gender/ cultural psychology
-health psychology
-industrial/organizational psychology
-social psychology
- 1.what represents the largest group of Psychology? - -Clinical psychology
- 1.origins of psychology - -wilhelm wundt
structuralism
functionalism
psychoanalytic/ psychodynamic perspective
- 1. Wilhelm Wundt - -"father of psychology" Leipzig, Germany 1879
- 1.Structuralism - -sought to identify the basic building blocks, or structures,
of the mind through introspection (Wundt and Titchener)
focused on sensations and perceptual experiences
, - 1. Functionalism - -studied how the mind functions to adapt organisms to
their environment (William James)
- 1. Psychoanalytic/ psychodynamic perspective - -unconscious processes
and unresolved past conflicts (freud was the founder)
- 1.Recent schools of thought - --behavioral perspective
- humanist perspective
-cognitive perspective
-neuroscience/ biopychology perspective
- 1. Behavioral perspective - -objective, observable environmental influence
on overt behavior (Watson, Pavlov, Skinner)
- 1. Humanist perspective - -free will, self-actualization, and a positive,
growth-seeking human nature (Rogers and Maslow)
-inner-self and the importance of subjective feelilngs
- 1.Cognitive perspective - -thought, perception, and information processing.
- 1. Neuroscience/ Biopsychology perspective - -genetics and other biological
processes in the brain and other parts of the nervous system
- 1. Brain Differences - -difference between men and women is quite small.
- 1. Evolutionary - -natural selection, adaptation, and evolution
- 1. Sociocultural - -social interaction and cultural determinants
"sociobiology"
- 1. Gestalt psychology - -emphasized perception; the notion that the whole
is more than the sum of the parts (Wertheimer)
- 1. Cognitive psychology - -focuses on mental function and reasoning
(Ebbinghaus)
- 1. Psychological research can be either... - -Basic: conducted to advance
scientific knowledge
Applied: designed to solve current practical problems
alcohol abuse is an area that combines basic and applied research
- 1. Basic Research - -seeks answers for theoretical questions
ex how is hunger controlled by the brain
- 1. Applied research - -seeks answers for specific application problems
,ex organizational psychology studies leadership, job satisfaction, job training,
and development
- 1. Scientific Method - -1. identify questions of interest and review lit.
2. develop a testable hypothesis
3. select a research method and collect the data
4. analyze the data and accept of reject the hypothesis
5. publish, replicate, and seek scientific review
6. build a theory
- 1. Thomas Kuhn - --paradigm shift
-normal science
-revolutionary science
- 1. Paradigm shift - -has to do with measurement
-a new way to test something (abandon old method)
- 1. Key issues for human research participants - -- informed consent
-voluntary participation
-restricted use of deception
-debriefing
-confidentiality
-alternative activities
- 1. Informed consent - -tis an explanation of a study and the responsibilities
of experimenter and participant
- 1. Restricted use of deception - -have consent but not fully
-deception involving the subjects must be justified
- 1. Voluntary - -freedom to withdraw at any time
must be available
- 1. Debriefing - -explaining the research process to subjects at the end of
the study
- 1. Animal research - -must be justifies and must minimize discomfort to
participants
proposal is submitted before, very strict rules to make sure no pain is
experienced, research much be justified
more laws for animal research than humans
- 1. Major research methods - -1. experimental
2. descriptive
3. correlational
4. biological
, - 1. Experimental Research - --carefully controlled scientific procedure that
manipulates variables to determine cause and effect
- non human models are helpful in areas where we do not manipulate
variables in humans (crack baby)
- 1. Key Features of an Experiment - --Independent variable
-dependent variable
-experimental group
-control group
- 1. Independent variable - -factor that is manipulated
what we can change, can set it up to have different conditions (low, medium,
and high)
- 1. Dependent variable - -factor that is measured: operational definition
- 1. Experimental group - -receives treatment
- 1. Control group - -receives no treatment
- 1.Placebo effect - -behavioral changes relative to expectations of a
treatment as opposed to actual treatment
-about 1/3 respond to placebos
-bigger the pill the stronger the placebo effect, more expensive the more
people say have an effect
- 1.Experimenter Bias - -researcher influences the research results in the
expected direction
-refers to preconceived expectations that influence data collection
- 1. Ethnocentrism - -believing one's culture is typical of all cultures
- 1. Sample Bias (Non-representative Sample) - -research participants are
unrepresentative of the larger population-- must use random or
representative sample
- 1. Participant Bias (Act different) - -research participants are influenced by
the researcher or experimental conditions; reveal only as much as necessary
to collect data
- 1. Descriptive Research - -observe and record behavior without interfering
and does not produce causal explanations
- 1. Three types of descriptive research - --naturalistic observation
-survey
Questions and Answers (Correct)
1. What is Psychology? - -The scientific study of behavior and mental
processes(Hard vs. Soft science)
-focuses on critical thinking (not just negative) and is scientific
- 1. Pseudopsychologies - -unreliable approaches that do not use the
scientific method
-astrology, palmistry, psychokinesis, follicology
- 1.Psychology's Four Goals - -1. Description: tells" what occurred"
2. Explanation: tells "why" a behavior or mental process occurred
3. Prediction: identifies conditions "under which a future behavior or mental
process is likely to occur"
4.Change: applies psychological knowledge to prevent unwanted or to bring
about desired goals
- 1.Types of Psychology - --biopsychology/ neuroscience
-clinical and counseling psychology
-cognitive psychology
- developmental psychology
education and school psychology
experimental psychology
-forensic psychology
-gender/ cultural psychology
-health psychology
-industrial/organizational psychology
-social psychology
- 1.what represents the largest group of Psychology? - -Clinical psychology
- 1.origins of psychology - -wilhelm wundt
structuralism
functionalism
psychoanalytic/ psychodynamic perspective
- 1. Wilhelm Wundt - -"father of psychology" Leipzig, Germany 1879
- 1.Structuralism - -sought to identify the basic building blocks, or structures,
of the mind through introspection (Wundt and Titchener)
focused on sensations and perceptual experiences
, - 1. Functionalism - -studied how the mind functions to adapt organisms to
their environment (William James)
- 1. Psychoanalytic/ psychodynamic perspective - -unconscious processes
and unresolved past conflicts (freud was the founder)
- 1.Recent schools of thought - --behavioral perspective
- humanist perspective
-cognitive perspective
-neuroscience/ biopychology perspective
- 1. Behavioral perspective - -objective, observable environmental influence
on overt behavior (Watson, Pavlov, Skinner)
- 1. Humanist perspective - -free will, self-actualization, and a positive,
growth-seeking human nature (Rogers and Maslow)
-inner-self and the importance of subjective feelilngs
- 1.Cognitive perspective - -thought, perception, and information processing.
- 1. Neuroscience/ Biopsychology perspective - -genetics and other biological
processes in the brain and other parts of the nervous system
- 1. Brain Differences - -difference between men and women is quite small.
- 1. Evolutionary - -natural selection, adaptation, and evolution
- 1. Sociocultural - -social interaction and cultural determinants
"sociobiology"
- 1. Gestalt psychology - -emphasized perception; the notion that the whole
is more than the sum of the parts (Wertheimer)
- 1. Cognitive psychology - -focuses on mental function and reasoning
(Ebbinghaus)
- 1. Psychological research can be either... - -Basic: conducted to advance
scientific knowledge
Applied: designed to solve current practical problems
alcohol abuse is an area that combines basic and applied research
- 1. Basic Research - -seeks answers for theoretical questions
ex how is hunger controlled by the brain
- 1. Applied research - -seeks answers for specific application problems
,ex organizational psychology studies leadership, job satisfaction, job training,
and development
- 1. Scientific Method - -1. identify questions of interest and review lit.
2. develop a testable hypothesis
3. select a research method and collect the data
4. analyze the data and accept of reject the hypothesis
5. publish, replicate, and seek scientific review
6. build a theory
- 1. Thomas Kuhn - --paradigm shift
-normal science
-revolutionary science
- 1. Paradigm shift - -has to do with measurement
-a new way to test something (abandon old method)
- 1. Key issues for human research participants - -- informed consent
-voluntary participation
-restricted use of deception
-debriefing
-confidentiality
-alternative activities
- 1. Informed consent - -tis an explanation of a study and the responsibilities
of experimenter and participant
- 1. Restricted use of deception - -have consent but not fully
-deception involving the subjects must be justified
- 1. Voluntary - -freedom to withdraw at any time
must be available
- 1. Debriefing - -explaining the research process to subjects at the end of
the study
- 1. Animal research - -must be justifies and must minimize discomfort to
participants
proposal is submitted before, very strict rules to make sure no pain is
experienced, research much be justified
more laws for animal research than humans
- 1. Major research methods - -1. experimental
2. descriptive
3. correlational
4. biological
, - 1. Experimental Research - --carefully controlled scientific procedure that
manipulates variables to determine cause and effect
- non human models are helpful in areas where we do not manipulate
variables in humans (crack baby)
- 1. Key Features of an Experiment - --Independent variable
-dependent variable
-experimental group
-control group
- 1. Independent variable - -factor that is manipulated
what we can change, can set it up to have different conditions (low, medium,
and high)
- 1. Dependent variable - -factor that is measured: operational definition
- 1. Experimental group - -receives treatment
- 1. Control group - -receives no treatment
- 1.Placebo effect - -behavioral changes relative to expectations of a
treatment as opposed to actual treatment
-about 1/3 respond to placebos
-bigger the pill the stronger the placebo effect, more expensive the more
people say have an effect
- 1.Experimenter Bias - -researcher influences the research results in the
expected direction
-refers to preconceived expectations that influence data collection
- 1. Ethnocentrism - -believing one's culture is typical of all cultures
- 1. Sample Bias (Non-representative Sample) - -research participants are
unrepresentative of the larger population-- must use random or
representative sample
- 1. Participant Bias (Act different) - -research participants are influenced by
the researcher or experimental conditions; reveal only as much as necessary
to collect data
- 1. Descriptive Research - -observe and record behavior without interfering
and does not produce causal explanations
- 1. Three types of descriptive research - --naturalistic observation
-survey
