0HV20 – Perception and motor control book summary
Contents
Chapter 1 – General principles..............................................................................................................5
Major groups of sense.......................................................................................................................5
Methods used to study perception....................................................................................................5
General principles of sensation and perception................................................................................6
Physiological principles..................................................................................................................6
Perceptual principles.....................................................................................................................7
Theoretical principles.....................................................................................................................8
Key terms...........................................................................................................................................9
Chapter 2 – The chemical senses.........................................................................................................12
Smell................................................................................................................................................12
Anatomy and physiology of smell................................................................................................12
Perception and function of smell.................................................................................................13
Taste................................................................................................................................................14
Anatomy and physiology of taste................................................................................................14
Perception and function of taste.................................................................................................14
Flavor...............................................................................................................................................15
Keywords.........................................................................................................................................15
Chapter 3 – The body senses...............................................................................................................16
The somatosensory system.............................................................................................................16
Physiology of Somatosensation...................................................................................................17
Somatosensory perception..........................................................................................................18
The vestibular system......................................................................................................................19
Physiology of the vestibular system.............................................................................................19
Vestibular perception..................................................................................................................21
Keywords.........................................................................................................................................22
Chapter 4 – The physics and biology of audition.................................................................................23
Sound as a physical stimulus............................................................................................................23
Simple sounds..............................................................................................................................23
Complex sounds...........................................................................................................................24
The physiology of the auditory system............................................................................................26
The outer ear...............................................................................................................................26
The middle ear.............................................................................................................................26
The inner ear................................................................................................................................27
, The ascending auditory pathway.................................................................................................30
Auditory cortex............................................................................................................................31
The descending auditory cortex...................................................................................................32
Keywords.........................................................................................................................................32
Chapter 5 – Perception of sound.........................................................................................................34
Introduction.....................................................................................................................................34
Loudness perception........................................................................................................................34
Loudness matching......................................................................................................................34
Loudness scaling..........................................................................................................................35
Models of loudness perception...................................................................................................35
Pitch perception...............................................................................................................................36
Frequency selectivity...................................................................................................................36
Frequency discrimination............................................................................................................36
Theories of pitch perception........................................................................................................37
Auditory localization........................................................................................................................38
Localization in the horizontal plane.............................................................................................38
Localization in the vertical plane..................................................................................................38
The precedence effect.................................................................................................................39
Distance judgments.....................................................................................................................39
Speech perception...........................................................................................................................39
Auditory scene analysis....................................................................................................................39
Spatial location............................................................................................................................39
Spectral content...........................................................................................................................39
Time or onset...............................................................................................................................40
Hearing dysfunction.........................................................................................................................40
Conductive hearing loss...............................................................................................................40
Sensorineural hearing loss...........................................................................................................41
Keywords.........................................................................................................................................42
Chapter 6 - The physics of vision – light and the eye...........................................................................43
What is light?...................................................................................................................................43
Light as rays.................................................................................................................................43
Light as particles (Isaac Newton).................................................................................................44
Light as waves (Huygens, Young & Maxwell)...............................................................................44
The duality of light.......................................................................................................................44
Some important properties of light.................................................................................................45
Absorption, reflection, transmission............................................................................................45
, Intensity.......................................................................................................................................45
Contrast and reflectance..............................................................................................................46
Wavelength..................................................................................................................................46
The eye............................................................................................................................................46
Structure of the human eye.........................................................................................................46
Visual angle..................................................................................................................................47
Optical properties of the eye.......................................................................................................47
Eye movements...........................................................................................................................49
Keywords.........................................................................................................................................50
Chapter 7 – Visual physiology..............................................................................................................52
The retina........................................................................................................................................52
Outer nuclear layer......................................................................................................................52
Inner nuclear layer.......................................................................................................................53
Ganglion cell layer........................................................................................................................54
The visual pathway..........................................................................................................................56
The visual cortex..............................................................................................................................56
Striate cortex...............................................................................................................................56
Extrastriate cortex.......................................................................................................................57
Keywords.........................................................................................................................................57
Chapter 8 – Color vision.......................................................................................................................59
Color space......................................................................................................................................59
Opponent colors..........................................................................................................................59
Color mixture...................................................................................................................................59
Subtractive mixtures....................................................................................................................59
Additive mixtures.........................................................................................................................59
Color matching: the CIE chromaticity diagram.............................................................................60
Origin of additive color mixture...................................................................................................60
Dual-process theory.........................................................................................................................61
Color interactions............................................................................................................................61
Color contrast and adaptation.....................................................................................................61
Origin of color interactions..........................................................................................................62
Color constancy...............................................................................................................................62
Cortical physiology...........................................................................................................................63
Color deficiency...............................................................................................................................63
Keywords.........................................................................................................................................64
Chapter 9 - Spatial vision.....................................................................................................................65
, Fundamental functions....................................................................................................................65
Photopic and scotopic vision.......................................................................................................65
Spatial contrast sensitivity...........................................................................................................66
Temporal contrast sensitivity.......................................................................................................68
Spatiotemporal sensitivity...........................................................................................................68
Representation at multiple spatial scales........................................................................................70
Spatial scale.................................................................................................................................70
Spatial scale and spatial frequency..............................................................................................70
Psychophysical evidence for multiple spatial filters.....................................................................71
Uses of spatial filters........................................................................................................................72
Feature localization......................................................................................................................72
Texture analysis...........................................................................................................................73
Scene gist.....................................................................................................................................74
Stereo and motion.......................................................................................................................74
Keywords.........................................................................................................................................74
Chapter 10 – Shape and object perception..........................................................................................76
Introduction: the three-staged model.............................................................................................76
Neuropsychological evidence for the three-stage model............................................................76
Shape representation......................................................................................................................76
Gestalt laws.................................................................................................................................76
Shape segmentation processes....................................................................................................77
Contour integration.....................................................................................................................77
Surface parsing............................................................................................................................77
Crowding......................................................................................................................................78
Object representation......................................................................................................................78
View-independent theories.........................................................................................................78
View-dependent theories............................................................................................................79
Neural basis of object representation..........................................................................................79
Scene perception.............................................................................................................................79
Keywords.........................................................................................................................................79
Chapter 11 – Depth perception...........................................................................................................80
The multiplicity of depth cues..........................................................................................................80
Monocular cues...........................................................................................................................80
Binocular cues..............................................................................................................................82
Cue combination..............................................................................................................................83
Correlations between cues..........................................................................................................83
Contents
Chapter 1 – General principles..............................................................................................................5
Major groups of sense.......................................................................................................................5
Methods used to study perception....................................................................................................5
General principles of sensation and perception................................................................................6
Physiological principles..................................................................................................................6
Perceptual principles.....................................................................................................................7
Theoretical principles.....................................................................................................................8
Key terms...........................................................................................................................................9
Chapter 2 – The chemical senses.........................................................................................................12
Smell................................................................................................................................................12
Anatomy and physiology of smell................................................................................................12
Perception and function of smell.................................................................................................13
Taste................................................................................................................................................14
Anatomy and physiology of taste................................................................................................14
Perception and function of taste.................................................................................................14
Flavor...............................................................................................................................................15
Keywords.........................................................................................................................................15
Chapter 3 – The body senses...............................................................................................................16
The somatosensory system.............................................................................................................16
Physiology of Somatosensation...................................................................................................17
Somatosensory perception..........................................................................................................18
The vestibular system......................................................................................................................19
Physiology of the vestibular system.............................................................................................19
Vestibular perception..................................................................................................................21
Keywords.........................................................................................................................................22
Chapter 4 – The physics and biology of audition.................................................................................23
Sound as a physical stimulus............................................................................................................23
Simple sounds..............................................................................................................................23
Complex sounds...........................................................................................................................24
The physiology of the auditory system............................................................................................26
The outer ear...............................................................................................................................26
The middle ear.............................................................................................................................26
The inner ear................................................................................................................................27
, The ascending auditory pathway.................................................................................................30
Auditory cortex............................................................................................................................31
The descending auditory cortex...................................................................................................32
Keywords.........................................................................................................................................32
Chapter 5 – Perception of sound.........................................................................................................34
Introduction.....................................................................................................................................34
Loudness perception........................................................................................................................34
Loudness matching......................................................................................................................34
Loudness scaling..........................................................................................................................35
Models of loudness perception...................................................................................................35
Pitch perception...............................................................................................................................36
Frequency selectivity...................................................................................................................36
Frequency discrimination............................................................................................................36
Theories of pitch perception........................................................................................................37
Auditory localization........................................................................................................................38
Localization in the horizontal plane.............................................................................................38
Localization in the vertical plane..................................................................................................38
The precedence effect.................................................................................................................39
Distance judgments.....................................................................................................................39
Speech perception...........................................................................................................................39
Auditory scene analysis....................................................................................................................39
Spatial location............................................................................................................................39
Spectral content...........................................................................................................................39
Time or onset...............................................................................................................................40
Hearing dysfunction.........................................................................................................................40
Conductive hearing loss...............................................................................................................40
Sensorineural hearing loss...........................................................................................................41
Keywords.........................................................................................................................................42
Chapter 6 - The physics of vision – light and the eye...........................................................................43
What is light?...................................................................................................................................43
Light as rays.................................................................................................................................43
Light as particles (Isaac Newton).................................................................................................44
Light as waves (Huygens, Young & Maxwell)...............................................................................44
The duality of light.......................................................................................................................44
Some important properties of light.................................................................................................45
Absorption, reflection, transmission............................................................................................45
, Intensity.......................................................................................................................................45
Contrast and reflectance..............................................................................................................46
Wavelength..................................................................................................................................46
The eye............................................................................................................................................46
Structure of the human eye.........................................................................................................46
Visual angle..................................................................................................................................47
Optical properties of the eye.......................................................................................................47
Eye movements...........................................................................................................................49
Keywords.........................................................................................................................................50
Chapter 7 – Visual physiology..............................................................................................................52
The retina........................................................................................................................................52
Outer nuclear layer......................................................................................................................52
Inner nuclear layer.......................................................................................................................53
Ganglion cell layer........................................................................................................................54
The visual pathway..........................................................................................................................56
The visual cortex..............................................................................................................................56
Striate cortex...............................................................................................................................56
Extrastriate cortex.......................................................................................................................57
Keywords.........................................................................................................................................57
Chapter 8 – Color vision.......................................................................................................................59
Color space......................................................................................................................................59
Opponent colors..........................................................................................................................59
Color mixture...................................................................................................................................59
Subtractive mixtures....................................................................................................................59
Additive mixtures.........................................................................................................................59
Color matching: the CIE chromaticity diagram.............................................................................60
Origin of additive color mixture...................................................................................................60
Dual-process theory.........................................................................................................................61
Color interactions............................................................................................................................61
Color contrast and adaptation.....................................................................................................61
Origin of color interactions..........................................................................................................62
Color constancy...............................................................................................................................62
Cortical physiology...........................................................................................................................63
Color deficiency...............................................................................................................................63
Keywords.........................................................................................................................................64
Chapter 9 - Spatial vision.....................................................................................................................65
, Fundamental functions....................................................................................................................65
Photopic and scotopic vision.......................................................................................................65
Spatial contrast sensitivity...........................................................................................................66
Temporal contrast sensitivity.......................................................................................................68
Spatiotemporal sensitivity...........................................................................................................68
Representation at multiple spatial scales........................................................................................70
Spatial scale.................................................................................................................................70
Spatial scale and spatial frequency..............................................................................................70
Psychophysical evidence for multiple spatial filters.....................................................................71
Uses of spatial filters........................................................................................................................72
Feature localization......................................................................................................................72
Texture analysis...........................................................................................................................73
Scene gist.....................................................................................................................................74
Stereo and motion.......................................................................................................................74
Keywords.........................................................................................................................................74
Chapter 10 – Shape and object perception..........................................................................................76
Introduction: the three-staged model.............................................................................................76
Neuropsychological evidence for the three-stage model............................................................76
Shape representation......................................................................................................................76
Gestalt laws.................................................................................................................................76
Shape segmentation processes....................................................................................................77
Contour integration.....................................................................................................................77
Surface parsing............................................................................................................................77
Crowding......................................................................................................................................78
Object representation......................................................................................................................78
View-independent theories.........................................................................................................78
View-dependent theories............................................................................................................79
Neural basis of object representation..........................................................................................79
Scene perception.............................................................................................................................79
Keywords.........................................................................................................................................79
Chapter 11 – Depth perception...........................................................................................................80
The multiplicity of depth cues..........................................................................................................80
Monocular cues...........................................................................................................................80
Binocular cues..............................................................................................................................82
Cue combination..............................................................................................................................83
Correlations between cues..........................................................................................................83
