HESI PATHO, PATHO HESI 2024 - 2025 PRACTICE
QUESTIONS, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY HESI GRADED A+
Which,rationale,best,supports,an,older,client's,risk,of,complications,related,to,a,dysrhythmia?,ANS,-
An,older,client,is,intolerant,of,decreased,cardiac,output,which,may,cause,dizziness,and,falls,
In,an,older,client,,cardiac,output,is,decreased,and,a,loss,of,contractility,and,elasticity,reduces,systemic,an
d,cerebral,blood,flow,,so,dysrhythmias,,such,as,bradycardia,or,tachycardia,is,poorly,tolerated,,and,increas
es,the,client's,risk,for,syncope,,falls,,transient,ischemic,attacks,,and,possibly,dementia.
,ANS,-
The,nurse,is,assessing,an,older,client,and,determines,that,the,client's,left,upper,eyelid,droops,,covering,m
ore,of,the,iris,than,the,right,eyelid.,Which,description,should,the,nurse,use,to,document,this,finding?,ANS,
-Ptosis,of,the,left,eyelid,
Ptosis,is,the,term,to,describe,an,eyelid,droop,that,covers,a,large,portion,of,the,iris,
astigmatism,--,distortion,of,the,lens,of,the,eye,,causing,decreased,visual,acuity.
nystagmus,ANS,-
eye,makes,uncontrolled,movements;,oculomotor,nerve,or,eyelid,muscle,disorder,that,is,characterized,by,
rapid,,rhythmic,movement,of,both,eyes.
exophthalmos,ANS,-protrusion,of,the,eyeballs,that,occurs,with,hyperthyroidism
The,nurse,is,measuring,blood,pressure,on,all,four,extremities,of,a,child,with,coarctation,of,the,aorta.,Whic
h,blood,pressure,finding,should,the,nurse,expect,to,obtain?,ANS,-Lower,in,the,legs,than,the,arms,
In,coarctation,of,the,aorta,,a,congenital,constriction,is,found,at,the,aorta,near,the,ductus,arteriosus,regio
n,that,lies,past,the,left,subclavian,arteries,,which,perfuses,the,upper,extremities.,the,child,should,have,hig
her,blood,pressures,in,the,upper,extremities,than,in,the,legs.
,The,nurse,reviews,the,CBC,findings,of,an,adolescent,with,acute,myelogenous,leukemia.,The,hemoglobin,i
s,13.8,,hematocrit,is,36.7,WBC,is,8,200,and,platelet,count,is,115,000.,,Based,on,these,findings,,what,is,the,
priority,nursing,dx,for,this,client's,plan,of,care?,ANS,-Risk,for,injury,
A,client,with,AML,is,at,risk,for,anemia,,neurtropenia,,and,thrombocytopenia.,These,CBC,findings,indicate,t
hat,the,platelet,count,is,low,(Normal,250,000-
400,000),which,places,this,client,at,an,increased,risk,for,injury,,usually,manifested,as,bruising,or,bleeding.,
hemoglobin:,12-16,female
,14-18,male
hematocrit:,37-47,female
,42-52,male
WBC:,5,000-10,000
Platelets:,250,000-400,000
A,nurse,is,planning,to,teach,self-
care,measures,to,a,female,client,about,prevention,of,yeasts,infections.,Which,instructions,should,the,nurs
e,provide?,ANS,-Avoid-tight,fitting,clothing,do,not,use,bubble-bath,or,bath,salts
A,common,genital,tract,infection,in,females,is,cadidiasis,,which,is,an,overgrowth,of,the,normal,vaginal,flor
a,of,Candida,albicans,that,thrives,in,an,environment,that,is,warm,and,moist,and,perpetuated,by,tight-
fitting,clothing,,underwear,,or,pantyhose,made,of,nonabsorbant,materials.,The,client,should,wear,clothin
g,that,is,loose,fitting,and,absorbent,,such,as,cotton,underwear,,and,avoid,using,bubble-
bath,or,bath,salts,which,further,irritate,sensitive,genital,tissue
A,client,with,asthma,receives,a,rx,for,high,blood,pressure,during,a,clinic,visit.,Which,rx,should,the,nurse,an
ticipate,the,client,to,receive,that,is,least,likely,to,exacerbate,asthma?,ANS,-Metoprolol,tartrate,(lopressor)
The,best,antihypertensive,agent,for,clients,with,asthma,is,lopressor,a,beta,blocking,agent,which,is,also,car
dioselective,and,less,likely,to,cause,bronchocontriction.
,Which,signs,and,symptoms,are,associated,with,arterial,insufficiency?,ANS,-
Pallor,,intermittent,claudication
Pallor,and,intermittent,claudication,are,signs,related,to,stage,II,of,PVD,,which,results,in,arterial,insufficien
cy.,Arterial,insufficiency,causes,impaired,perfusion,resulting,in,hypoxic,pain,or,intermittent,claudication,(
pain,in,legs,when,working,out,bc,not,enough,blood,flow)
Pedal,edema,,brown,pigmentation,are,signs,related,to,venous,insufficiency,
Blanched,skin,,lower,extremity,ulcers,are,not,specific,to,arterial,disease
Peripheral,neuropathy,may,be,related,to,complications,of,diabetes,mellitus,resulting,in,poor,circulation
A,man,who,was,recently,diagnosed,with,huntington's,disease,asks,the,nurse,if,his,adolescent,son,should,b
e,tested,for,the,disease.,What,response,is,best,for,the,nurse,to,provide?,ANS,-
Testing,is,needed,bc,there,is,a,50%,risk,of,passing,the,gene,to,each,offspring,
Huntingdon's,disease,,a,progressively,incapacitating,,fatal,neuromuscular,disease,,is,an,autosomal,domin
ant,inherited,disease,that,has,a,50%,risk,of,developing,in,each,child,of,those,who,have,the,disorder.,The,ri
sk,of,autosomal,dominant,inheritance,should,be,explained,and,emphasized.
A,client,with,aortic,valve,stenosis,develops,HF.,Which,pathophysiological,finding,occurs,in,the,myocardial,
cells,as,a,result,of,the,increased,cardiac,workload?,ANS,-Increase,in,size
Hypertension,and,incompetent,or,stenotic,heart,valves,cause,an,increase,in,the,workload,of,the,heart,by,i
ncreasing,afterload,which,requires,an,increase,in,teh,force,of,contraction,to,pump,blood,out,of,the,heart.,
Myocardial,hypertrophy,results,bc,the,cells,increase,in,surface,area,or,size,by,increasing,the,amount,of,co
ntractile,proteins,,but,the,quantity,of,fibers,remains,constant.,As,myocardial,hypertrophy,progresses,,the,
heart,becomes,ineffective,as,a,pump,bc,the,ventricular,wall,cannot,develop,enough,tension,to,cause,effec
tive,contraction,,which,causes,myocardial,irritability,due,to,hypoxia.
While,the,nurse,obtains,a,male,client's,history,,review,of,systems,,and,physical,exam,,the,client,tells,the,n
urse,that,his,breasts,drain,fluid,secretions,from,the,nipple.,The,nurse,should,seek,further,evaluation,of,wh
ich,endocrine,gland,function?,ANS,-Hypothalamus,and,anterior,pituitary,
, Breast,fluid,and,milk,production,are,induced,by,the,presence,of,prolactin,secreted,from,the,anterior,pituit
ary,gland,,which,is,regulated,by,the,hypothalamus',secretion,of,prolactin-
inhibiting,hormone,in,both,men,and,women.,Further,evaluation,of,the,hypothalamus,and,the,anterior,pit
uitary,gland,should,provide,additional,information,about,secretions,or,lactation
Several,hours,after,surgical,repair,of,an,AAA,,the,client,develops,left,flank,pain.,the,nurse,determines,the,
client's,urinary,output,is,20ml/hr,for,the,past,2,hours.,The,nurse,should,conclude,that,these,findings,supp
ort,which,complication?,ANS,-Renal,artery,embolization
Postop,complications,of,surgical,repiar,of,AAA,are,related,to,the,location,of,resection,,graft,,or,stent,place
ment,along,the,abdominal,aorta.,Emobolization,of,a,fragment,of,thrombus,or,plaque,from,the,aorta,into,a
,renal,artery,can,compromise,blood,flow,in,one,of,the,renal,arteries,,resulting,in,renal,ischemia,that,preci
pitates,unilateral,flank,pain.,
hypovolemia,can,cause,acute,renal,failure,which,involves,both,kidneys,and,would,cause,bilateral,flank,pai
n
A,client,with,a,fractured,right,radius,reports,severe,,diffuse,pain,that,has,not,responded,to,the,rx,analgesi
cs.,The,pain,is,greater,with,passive,movement,of,the,limb,than,the,active,movement,by,the,client.,The,nur
se,recognizes,that,the,client,is,most,likely,exhibiting,symptoms,of,which,condition?,ANS,-
acute,compartment,syndrome,
These,signs,are,specific,indications,of,acute,compartment,syndrome,,and,should,be,treated,as,an,emerge
ncy,situation.
A,client,with,a,markedly,distended,bladder,is,dx,with,hydronephrosis,and,left,hydroureter,after,an,IV,pyel
ogram.,The,nurse,catheterizes,the,client,and,obtains,a,residual,urine,volume,of,1650,ml.,This,finding,supp
orts,with,pathophysiological,cause,of,client's,urinary,tract,obstruction?,ANS,-
Obstruction,at,the,urinary,bladder,neck,
Hydroureter,(dilation,of,the,renal,pelvis),,vesicoureteral,reflux,(backward,movement,of,urine,from,the,lo
wer,to,upper,urinary,tracts),,and,hydronephrosis,(dilation,or,enlargement,of,the,renal,pelvis,and,calyces),r
esult,from,post-
QUESTIONS, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY HESI GRADED A+
Which,rationale,best,supports,an,older,client's,risk,of,complications,related,to,a,dysrhythmia?,ANS,-
An,older,client,is,intolerant,of,decreased,cardiac,output,which,may,cause,dizziness,and,falls,
In,an,older,client,,cardiac,output,is,decreased,and,a,loss,of,contractility,and,elasticity,reduces,systemic,an
d,cerebral,blood,flow,,so,dysrhythmias,,such,as,bradycardia,or,tachycardia,is,poorly,tolerated,,and,increas
es,the,client's,risk,for,syncope,,falls,,transient,ischemic,attacks,,and,possibly,dementia.
,ANS,-
The,nurse,is,assessing,an,older,client,and,determines,that,the,client's,left,upper,eyelid,droops,,covering,m
ore,of,the,iris,than,the,right,eyelid.,Which,description,should,the,nurse,use,to,document,this,finding?,ANS,
-Ptosis,of,the,left,eyelid,
Ptosis,is,the,term,to,describe,an,eyelid,droop,that,covers,a,large,portion,of,the,iris,
astigmatism,--,distortion,of,the,lens,of,the,eye,,causing,decreased,visual,acuity.
nystagmus,ANS,-
eye,makes,uncontrolled,movements;,oculomotor,nerve,or,eyelid,muscle,disorder,that,is,characterized,by,
rapid,,rhythmic,movement,of,both,eyes.
exophthalmos,ANS,-protrusion,of,the,eyeballs,that,occurs,with,hyperthyroidism
The,nurse,is,measuring,blood,pressure,on,all,four,extremities,of,a,child,with,coarctation,of,the,aorta.,Whic
h,blood,pressure,finding,should,the,nurse,expect,to,obtain?,ANS,-Lower,in,the,legs,than,the,arms,
In,coarctation,of,the,aorta,,a,congenital,constriction,is,found,at,the,aorta,near,the,ductus,arteriosus,regio
n,that,lies,past,the,left,subclavian,arteries,,which,perfuses,the,upper,extremities.,the,child,should,have,hig
her,blood,pressures,in,the,upper,extremities,than,in,the,legs.
,The,nurse,reviews,the,CBC,findings,of,an,adolescent,with,acute,myelogenous,leukemia.,The,hemoglobin,i
s,13.8,,hematocrit,is,36.7,WBC,is,8,200,and,platelet,count,is,115,000.,,Based,on,these,findings,,what,is,the,
priority,nursing,dx,for,this,client's,plan,of,care?,ANS,-Risk,for,injury,
A,client,with,AML,is,at,risk,for,anemia,,neurtropenia,,and,thrombocytopenia.,These,CBC,findings,indicate,t
hat,the,platelet,count,is,low,(Normal,250,000-
400,000),which,places,this,client,at,an,increased,risk,for,injury,,usually,manifested,as,bruising,or,bleeding.,
hemoglobin:,12-16,female
,14-18,male
hematocrit:,37-47,female
,42-52,male
WBC:,5,000-10,000
Platelets:,250,000-400,000
A,nurse,is,planning,to,teach,self-
care,measures,to,a,female,client,about,prevention,of,yeasts,infections.,Which,instructions,should,the,nurs
e,provide?,ANS,-Avoid-tight,fitting,clothing,do,not,use,bubble-bath,or,bath,salts
A,common,genital,tract,infection,in,females,is,cadidiasis,,which,is,an,overgrowth,of,the,normal,vaginal,flor
a,of,Candida,albicans,that,thrives,in,an,environment,that,is,warm,and,moist,and,perpetuated,by,tight-
fitting,clothing,,underwear,,or,pantyhose,made,of,nonabsorbant,materials.,The,client,should,wear,clothin
g,that,is,loose,fitting,and,absorbent,,such,as,cotton,underwear,,and,avoid,using,bubble-
bath,or,bath,salts,which,further,irritate,sensitive,genital,tissue
A,client,with,asthma,receives,a,rx,for,high,blood,pressure,during,a,clinic,visit.,Which,rx,should,the,nurse,an
ticipate,the,client,to,receive,that,is,least,likely,to,exacerbate,asthma?,ANS,-Metoprolol,tartrate,(lopressor)
The,best,antihypertensive,agent,for,clients,with,asthma,is,lopressor,a,beta,blocking,agent,which,is,also,car
dioselective,and,less,likely,to,cause,bronchocontriction.
,Which,signs,and,symptoms,are,associated,with,arterial,insufficiency?,ANS,-
Pallor,,intermittent,claudication
Pallor,and,intermittent,claudication,are,signs,related,to,stage,II,of,PVD,,which,results,in,arterial,insufficien
cy.,Arterial,insufficiency,causes,impaired,perfusion,resulting,in,hypoxic,pain,or,intermittent,claudication,(
pain,in,legs,when,working,out,bc,not,enough,blood,flow)
Pedal,edema,,brown,pigmentation,are,signs,related,to,venous,insufficiency,
Blanched,skin,,lower,extremity,ulcers,are,not,specific,to,arterial,disease
Peripheral,neuropathy,may,be,related,to,complications,of,diabetes,mellitus,resulting,in,poor,circulation
A,man,who,was,recently,diagnosed,with,huntington's,disease,asks,the,nurse,if,his,adolescent,son,should,b
e,tested,for,the,disease.,What,response,is,best,for,the,nurse,to,provide?,ANS,-
Testing,is,needed,bc,there,is,a,50%,risk,of,passing,the,gene,to,each,offspring,
Huntingdon's,disease,,a,progressively,incapacitating,,fatal,neuromuscular,disease,,is,an,autosomal,domin
ant,inherited,disease,that,has,a,50%,risk,of,developing,in,each,child,of,those,who,have,the,disorder.,The,ri
sk,of,autosomal,dominant,inheritance,should,be,explained,and,emphasized.
A,client,with,aortic,valve,stenosis,develops,HF.,Which,pathophysiological,finding,occurs,in,the,myocardial,
cells,as,a,result,of,the,increased,cardiac,workload?,ANS,-Increase,in,size
Hypertension,and,incompetent,or,stenotic,heart,valves,cause,an,increase,in,the,workload,of,the,heart,by,i
ncreasing,afterload,which,requires,an,increase,in,teh,force,of,contraction,to,pump,blood,out,of,the,heart.,
Myocardial,hypertrophy,results,bc,the,cells,increase,in,surface,area,or,size,by,increasing,the,amount,of,co
ntractile,proteins,,but,the,quantity,of,fibers,remains,constant.,As,myocardial,hypertrophy,progresses,,the,
heart,becomes,ineffective,as,a,pump,bc,the,ventricular,wall,cannot,develop,enough,tension,to,cause,effec
tive,contraction,,which,causes,myocardial,irritability,due,to,hypoxia.
While,the,nurse,obtains,a,male,client's,history,,review,of,systems,,and,physical,exam,,the,client,tells,the,n
urse,that,his,breasts,drain,fluid,secretions,from,the,nipple.,The,nurse,should,seek,further,evaluation,of,wh
ich,endocrine,gland,function?,ANS,-Hypothalamus,and,anterior,pituitary,
, Breast,fluid,and,milk,production,are,induced,by,the,presence,of,prolactin,secreted,from,the,anterior,pituit
ary,gland,,which,is,regulated,by,the,hypothalamus',secretion,of,prolactin-
inhibiting,hormone,in,both,men,and,women.,Further,evaluation,of,the,hypothalamus,and,the,anterior,pit
uitary,gland,should,provide,additional,information,about,secretions,or,lactation
Several,hours,after,surgical,repair,of,an,AAA,,the,client,develops,left,flank,pain.,the,nurse,determines,the,
client's,urinary,output,is,20ml/hr,for,the,past,2,hours.,The,nurse,should,conclude,that,these,findings,supp
ort,which,complication?,ANS,-Renal,artery,embolization
Postop,complications,of,surgical,repiar,of,AAA,are,related,to,the,location,of,resection,,graft,,or,stent,place
ment,along,the,abdominal,aorta.,Emobolization,of,a,fragment,of,thrombus,or,plaque,from,the,aorta,into,a
,renal,artery,can,compromise,blood,flow,in,one,of,the,renal,arteries,,resulting,in,renal,ischemia,that,preci
pitates,unilateral,flank,pain.,
hypovolemia,can,cause,acute,renal,failure,which,involves,both,kidneys,and,would,cause,bilateral,flank,pai
n
A,client,with,a,fractured,right,radius,reports,severe,,diffuse,pain,that,has,not,responded,to,the,rx,analgesi
cs.,The,pain,is,greater,with,passive,movement,of,the,limb,than,the,active,movement,by,the,client.,The,nur
se,recognizes,that,the,client,is,most,likely,exhibiting,symptoms,of,which,condition?,ANS,-
acute,compartment,syndrome,
These,signs,are,specific,indications,of,acute,compartment,syndrome,,and,should,be,treated,as,an,emerge
ncy,situation.
A,client,with,a,markedly,distended,bladder,is,dx,with,hydronephrosis,and,left,hydroureter,after,an,IV,pyel
ogram.,The,nurse,catheterizes,the,client,and,obtains,a,residual,urine,volume,of,1650,ml.,This,finding,supp
orts,with,pathophysiological,cause,of,client's,urinary,tract,obstruction?,ANS,-
Obstruction,at,the,urinary,bladder,neck,
Hydroureter,(dilation,of,the,renal,pelvis),,vesicoureteral,reflux,(backward,movement,of,urine,from,the,lo
wer,to,upper,urinary,tracts),,and,hydronephrosis,(dilation,or,enlargement,of,the,renal,pelvis,and,calyces),r
esult,from,post-
