©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Ch. 14-15: The Innate and Adaptive Immune
Response. Exam Questions With Verified
Answers
#1: First line defenses - Answers✔Prevent entry, sensor systems detect invasion and effector
mechanisms destroy and remove the invader.
Skin and mucous membranes -- the physical barriers along with antimicrobial substances that
bathe them. Ex.) Mucous, cilia in trachea, digestive (acid in stomach), urinary (flushing of
urinary tract) and respiratory tract and reproductive systems.
Members of normal microbiota competitively exclude pathogens and stimulate host defenses.
#1: Innate immune system - Answers✔Non-specific immunity, rapid response, 1st line of
defense, not selective, creates time for specific response to occur, physical and chemical barriers,
cellular defense.
#1: Adaptive immune system - Answers✔Remembers specific pathogens, slower to respond,
highly selective, antibody mediated (humoral response), cell mediated response (cytoxic
lymphocytes)
#1 Which host defenses are responses to foreign molecules? Which line is always present (not a
response)?
Which is a response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP's)? Which is a response to
a specific antigens? Which has memory response upon subsequent exposure to a pathogen? -
Answers✔First line defenses are always present - not a response.
The adaptive immune response kicks in when *foreign molecules* are a threat. The adaptive
immune system goes after specific pathogens unlike the innate immune system. It's highly
selective, slower to respond but has *memory*. Also responds to *specific* antigens.
1
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
The innate immune response is the routine protection present at birth (always present); it's passed
from one generation to the next (germline encoded). There is no difference between first and
subsequent exposure. Not well-regulated. The innate immune system is a *response to PAMP's*,
it detects the infectious microbes and signals the adaptive immune system.
#2 Explain the role of the body's first line defenses against microbial invaders. List the main
types of first line defenses, and give examples - Answers✔The first line defenses are the "walls"
that prevent microbes and other foreign material from entering the body's tissues. The defense
includes the skin and mucous membranes-the physical barriers along with antimicrobial
substances that bathe them. Examples are:
Skin and mucous membranes, tears, mucous, cilia in trachea, digestive (acid in stomach), urinary
(flushing of urinary tract) and respiratory tract and reproductive systems.
#3 Define cytokines, give examples and roles of cytokines in the innate and adaptive immune
system - Answers✔Cytokines are a group of proteins secreted by cells of the immune system that
act as chemical messengers. Cytokines released from one cell affect the actions of other cells by
binding to receptors on their surface. You can think of these receptors as mailboxes. They receive
the cytokine's chemical message, and then the receiving cell performs activities based on that
message.
Through this process, cytokines help regulate the immune response.
Chemokines induce chemotaxis.
Interferons- interfere with spread of virus
Interleukons- produced by white blood cell-create communication between leukocytes (in both
innate and adaptive).
#4 Describe pattern recognition receptors (PRR's) and examples - Answers✔PRR's are sensors
that allow the body's cells to "see" signs of microbial invasion.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on "sentinel cells" are anchored in the cytoplamic membranes of
sentinel cells such as phagocytes and cells that line blood vessels.
Cytoplasmic receptors (viruses that get into cytoplasm) such as NOD-like receptors (NLRs) (in
cytoplasm) detect microbial components or signs of damage in a cell's cytoplasm - important in
macrophages and dendritic cells.
2
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Ch. 14-15: The Innate and Adaptive Immune
Response. Exam Questions With Verified
Answers
#1: First line defenses - Answers✔Prevent entry, sensor systems detect invasion and effector
mechanisms destroy and remove the invader.
Skin and mucous membranes -- the physical barriers along with antimicrobial substances that
bathe them. Ex.) Mucous, cilia in trachea, digestive (acid in stomach), urinary (flushing of
urinary tract) and respiratory tract and reproductive systems.
Members of normal microbiota competitively exclude pathogens and stimulate host defenses.
#1: Innate immune system - Answers✔Non-specific immunity, rapid response, 1st line of
defense, not selective, creates time for specific response to occur, physical and chemical barriers,
cellular defense.
#1: Adaptive immune system - Answers✔Remembers specific pathogens, slower to respond,
highly selective, antibody mediated (humoral response), cell mediated response (cytoxic
lymphocytes)
#1 Which host defenses are responses to foreign molecules? Which line is always present (not a
response)?
Which is a response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP's)? Which is a response to
a specific antigens? Which has memory response upon subsequent exposure to a pathogen? -
Answers✔First line defenses are always present - not a response.
The adaptive immune response kicks in when *foreign molecules* are a threat. The adaptive
immune system goes after specific pathogens unlike the innate immune system. It's highly
selective, slower to respond but has *memory*. Also responds to *specific* antigens.
1
, ©THEBRIGHT EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
The innate immune response is the routine protection present at birth (always present); it's passed
from one generation to the next (germline encoded). There is no difference between first and
subsequent exposure. Not well-regulated. The innate immune system is a *response to PAMP's*,
it detects the infectious microbes and signals the adaptive immune system.
#2 Explain the role of the body's first line defenses against microbial invaders. List the main
types of first line defenses, and give examples - Answers✔The first line defenses are the "walls"
that prevent microbes and other foreign material from entering the body's tissues. The defense
includes the skin and mucous membranes-the physical barriers along with antimicrobial
substances that bathe them. Examples are:
Skin and mucous membranes, tears, mucous, cilia in trachea, digestive (acid in stomach), urinary
(flushing of urinary tract) and respiratory tract and reproductive systems.
#3 Define cytokines, give examples and roles of cytokines in the innate and adaptive immune
system - Answers✔Cytokines are a group of proteins secreted by cells of the immune system that
act as chemical messengers. Cytokines released from one cell affect the actions of other cells by
binding to receptors on their surface. You can think of these receptors as mailboxes. They receive
the cytokine's chemical message, and then the receiving cell performs activities based on that
message.
Through this process, cytokines help regulate the immune response.
Chemokines induce chemotaxis.
Interferons- interfere with spread of virus
Interleukons- produced by white blood cell-create communication between leukocytes (in both
innate and adaptive).
#4 Describe pattern recognition receptors (PRR's) and examples - Answers✔PRR's are sensors
that allow the body's cells to "see" signs of microbial invasion.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on "sentinel cells" are anchored in the cytoplamic membranes of
sentinel cells such as phagocytes and cells that line blood vessels.
Cytoplasmic receptors (viruses that get into cytoplasm) such as NOD-like receptors (NLRs) (in
cytoplasm) detect microbial components or signs of damage in a cell's cytoplasm - important in
macrophages and dendritic cells.
2
