Instructors Manual For
Marine Biology 12 th
Edi�on By Peter Castro,
Michael Huber (All
Chapters 100% Original
Verified A+ Grade)
,Chapter 01 - The Science of Marine Biology
CHAPTER 1
THE SCIENCE OF MARINE BIOLOGY
Chapter Outline
1.1. The Science of Marine Biology
The History of Marine Biology
The Challenger Expedition
The Growth of Marine Labs
Marine Biology Today
The Census of Marine Life
1.2. The Scientific Method
Observation, the Currency of Science
Two Ways of Thinking
Induction
Deduction
Testing Ideas
Constructing the Hypothesis
The Nature of Scientific Proof
Testing the Hypothesis
The Scientific Theory
Limitations of the Scientific Method
Box Readings:
1.1. Eye on Science: The Best Laid Plans
1.2. Observing the Ocean
1.3. John Steinbeck and Ed Ricketts
Chapter Summary
Chapter 1 introduces students to the scope and nature of marine biology and its relevance in the modern world. The
first half of the chapter describes the science of marine biology by sketching its history and by describing the many
roles marine biology plays in modern science and technology. The fact that the study of ocean life now involves
specialists from many disciplines as well as a wide range of tools and techniques is highlighted. There is a box
reading on the use of exciting new tools and technologies such as the “crittercams” that are attached to marine
mammals to study their behavior. The box reading on Steinbeck and Ricketts puts a human face on marine biology.
The second half of the chapter emphasizes the scientific nature of modern marine biology by briefly discussing the
nature of science and the scientific method, which is essential to understanding science. Key components, its
application to the real world, and its limitations are outlined. This discussion of the material is essential to
understanding science, especially among non-science majors.
The inclusion of the scientific method in a marine biology text is an innovative idea necessitated by the general
education requirements that have been implemented by many institutions. The chapter, however, is written in a
plain, unassuming style and profusely illustrated in order to make the concept of science less intimidating to non-
science students. It can be assigned to be read independently at the start of the course. The main objective of this
section is to introduce students to the meaning and significance of the science of marine biology.
The Eye on Science box on ocean observing systems should keep students interested throughout the course. They
1-1
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
,Chapter 01 - The Science of Marine Biology
can follow current and future research using the links provided in the Marine Biology’s Online Learning Center.
Student Learning Outcomes
1. Demonstrate an understanding of the concept that marine biology is a science that applies biology to the sea.
2. Explain the highlights of the history of marine biology and some of the current developments in the field.
3. Demonstrate an understanding of the significance of the scientific method in learning about the natural world.
4. Explain how the scientific method is used to test hypotheses.
5. Compare and contrast between induction and deduction.
Answers to Critical Thinking Questions
1. Most of the major advances in marine biology have come in the last 200 years. What do you think are the reasons
for this?
Reasons include increased mobility due to advances in the means of transportation (faster ships, planes),
methodology (sampling equipment, microscopes, scuba, satellites, etc.), developments and discoveries in biology
and other fields of science that have stimulated further research in the marine environment (theories of evolution,
plate tectonics, etc.), and improved educational opportunities and facilities.
2. Recall that the statement “There are mermaids in the ocean” is not a valid scientific hypothesis. Can the same be
said of the statement “There are no mermaids in the ocean”? Why?
Yes, it is a valid scientific hypothesis because it can be falsified if a mermaid is found. No scientific hypothesis can
be proven so this does not mean it is not a scientific hypothesis. So far all attempts to falsify this hypothesis have
failed: no one has found a mermaid. Thus, the hypothesis is accepted as true, though not proven.
3. Imagine that you are a marine biologist and you notice that a certain type of crab tends to be considerably larger
in a local bay than the same type of crab that is in the waters outside the bay. What hypotheses might account for
this difference? How would you go about testing these hypotheses?
Let students’ imaginations roam free, even if they may not know the limitations and constrains of experimental
work! It’s a great way to stimulate their imagination and desire to learn. One possible hypothesis: “Crabs outside the
bay are smaller because wave action outside the bay is stronger than inside the bay.” We can reject it if some of
these smaller crabs are moved inside the bay, placed in a cage that allows food to move in (as well as smaller crabs
from inside the bay placed in identical cages), and all are checked and their size compared after a reasonable period
of time. Remember a control experiment: crabs from outside and inside the bay placed in identical cages outside the
bay. This hypothesis is rejected if size difference remains when all experimental populations are compared. Other
possible hypotheses: differences due to food, predators, parasites, type of substrate, temperature, depth, etc. Students
should be advised not to despair if they cannot come up with too many possible hypothesis—these factors will be
discussed in successive chapters, particularly 10, 11, 12, and 13.
4. Many species of whale have been hunted to the brink of extinction. Many people think that we do not have the
right to kill whales and that all whaling should cease. On the other hand, in many cultures whales have been hunted
for centuries and still have great cultural importance. People from such cultures argue that limited whaling should
be allowed to continue. What is the role that science can play in deciding who is right? What questions cannot be
answered by science?
Science can provide evidence of the role whales play in the marine environment, factors related to the maintenance
of biodiversity in our planet such as food for some predators (especially young whales), a place to live for some
parasites and commensals, and potential control on the population size of their prey (additional information on the
biology of whales is given in Chapter 9). Science, however, cannot provide answers concerning the value of the
enjoyment people get by observing (or listening to) whales, as well as their importance in terms of food and source
of various materials to some cultures. Science can help us decide, however, who benefits the most.
1-2
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
, Chapter 02 - The Sea Floor
CHAPTER 2
THE SEA FLOOR
Chapter Outline
2.1. The Water Planet
The Geography of the Ocean Basins
The Structure of the Earth
Internal Structure
Continental and Oceanic Crusts
2.2. The Origin and Structure of the Ocean Basins
Early Evidence of Continental Drift
Plate Tectonics
Discovery of the Mid-Ocean Ridge
Significance of the Mid-Ocean Ridge
Creation of the Sea Floor
Sea-Floor Spreading and Plate Tectonics
Earth’s Geologic History
Continental Drift and the Changing Oceans
The Record in the Sediments
Climate and Changes in Sea Level
2.3. The Geological Provinces of the Ocean
Continental Margins
The Continental Shelf
The Continental Slope
The Continental Rise
Active and Passive Margins
Deep-Ocean Basins
2.4. The Mid-Ocean Ridge and Hydrothermal Vents
Box Readings:
2.1. Eye on Science: Life Below the Sea Floor
2.2. The Hawaiian Islands, Hot Spots, and the Mantle Plumes
Chapter Summary
Chapter 2 summarizes the basic aspects of the geology of the sea floor and points out its relevance to marine
biology. It includes numerous up-to-date maps and illustrations that are especially designed to serve as teaching
aids.
The basic structural features of the ocean basins and the Earth are briefly described first. This material introduces the
student to a more detailed discussion of the origin of the ocean basins and the theory of plate tectonics. Information
is organized in an easy-to-follow progression: early evidence for continental drift, the discovery and significance of
the mid-ocean ridges, the creation of the sea floor, for a complete portrait of plate tectonics—the mechanisms that
explain it all. Plate tectonics is then used to explain features such as trenches, island arcs, and faults. The box
reading on the origin of the Hawaiian Islands further illustrates the consequences of plate tectonics.
2-1
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Marine Biology 12 th
Edi�on By Peter Castro,
Michael Huber (All
Chapters 100% Original
Verified A+ Grade)
,Chapter 01 - The Science of Marine Biology
CHAPTER 1
THE SCIENCE OF MARINE BIOLOGY
Chapter Outline
1.1. The Science of Marine Biology
The History of Marine Biology
The Challenger Expedition
The Growth of Marine Labs
Marine Biology Today
The Census of Marine Life
1.2. The Scientific Method
Observation, the Currency of Science
Two Ways of Thinking
Induction
Deduction
Testing Ideas
Constructing the Hypothesis
The Nature of Scientific Proof
Testing the Hypothesis
The Scientific Theory
Limitations of the Scientific Method
Box Readings:
1.1. Eye on Science: The Best Laid Plans
1.2. Observing the Ocean
1.3. John Steinbeck and Ed Ricketts
Chapter Summary
Chapter 1 introduces students to the scope and nature of marine biology and its relevance in the modern world. The
first half of the chapter describes the science of marine biology by sketching its history and by describing the many
roles marine biology plays in modern science and technology. The fact that the study of ocean life now involves
specialists from many disciplines as well as a wide range of tools and techniques is highlighted. There is a box
reading on the use of exciting new tools and technologies such as the “crittercams” that are attached to marine
mammals to study their behavior. The box reading on Steinbeck and Ricketts puts a human face on marine biology.
The second half of the chapter emphasizes the scientific nature of modern marine biology by briefly discussing the
nature of science and the scientific method, which is essential to understanding science. Key components, its
application to the real world, and its limitations are outlined. This discussion of the material is essential to
understanding science, especially among non-science majors.
The inclusion of the scientific method in a marine biology text is an innovative idea necessitated by the general
education requirements that have been implemented by many institutions. The chapter, however, is written in a
plain, unassuming style and profusely illustrated in order to make the concept of science less intimidating to non-
science students. It can be assigned to be read independently at the start of the course. The main objective of this
section is to introduce students to the meaning and significance of the science of marine biology.
The Eye on Science box on ocean observing systems should keep students interested throughout the course. They
1-1
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
,Chapter 01 - The Science of Marine Biology
can follow current and future research using the links provided in the Marine Biology’s Online Learning Center.
Student Learning Outcomes
1. Demonstrate an understanding of the concept that marine biology is a science that applies biology to the sea.
2. Explain the highlights of the history of marine biology and some of the current developments in the field.
3. Demonstrate an understanding of the significance of the scientific method in learning about the natural world.
4. Explain how the scientific method is used to test hypotheses.
5. Compare and contrast between induction and deduction.
Answers to Critical Thinking Questions
1. Most of the major advances in marine biology have come in the last 200 years. What do you think are the reasons
for this?
Reasons include increased mobility due to advances in the means of transportation (faster ships, planes),
methodology (sampling equipment, microscopes, scuba, satellites, etc.), developments and discoveries in biology
and other fields of science that have stimulated further research in the marine environment (theories of evolution,
plate tectonics, etc.), and improved educational opportunities and facilities.
2. Recall that the statement “There are mermaids in the ocean” is not a valid scientific hypothesis. Can the same be
said of the statement “There are no mermaids in the ocean”? Why?
Yes, it is a valid scientific hypothesis because it can be falsified if a mermaid is found. No scientific hypothesis can
be proven so this does not mean it is not a scientific hypothesis. So far all attempts to falsify this hypothesis have
failed: no one has found a mermaid. Thus, the hypothesis is accepted as true, though not proven.
3. Imagine that you are a marine biologist and you notice that a certain type of crab tends to be considerably larger
in a local bay than the same type of crab that is in the waters outside the bay. What hypotheses might account for
this difference? How would you go about testing these hypotheses?
Let students’ imaginations roam free, even if they may not know the limitations and constrains of experimental
work! It’s a great way to stimulate their imagination and desire to learn. One possible hypothesis: “Crabs outside the
bay are smaller because wave action outside the bay is stronger than inside the bay.” We can reject it if some of
these smaller crabs are moved inside the bay, placed in a cage that allows food to move in (as well as smaller crabs
from inside the bay placed in identical cages), and all are checked and their size compared after a reasonable period
of time. Remember a control experiment: crabs from outside and inside the bay placed in identical cages outside the
bay. This hypothesis is rejected if size difference remains when all experimental populations are compared. Other
possible hypotheses: differences due to food, predators, parasites, type of substrate, temperature, depth, etc. Students
should be advised not to despair if they cannot come up with too many possible hypothesis—these factors will be
discussed in successive chapters, particularly 10, 11, 12, and 13.
4. Many species of whale have been hunted to the brink of extinction. Many people think that we do not have the
right to kill whales and that all whaling should cease. On the other hand, in many cultures whales have been hunted
for centuries and still have great cultural importance. People from such cultures argue that limited whaling should
be allowed to continue. What is the role that science can play in deciding who is right? What questions cannot be
answered by science?
Science can provide evidence of the role whales play in the marine environment, factors related to the maintenance
of biodiversity in our planet such as food for some predators (especially young whales), a place to live for some
parasites and commensals, and potential control on the population size of their prey (additional information on the
biology of whales is given in Chapter 9). Science, however, cannot provide answers concerning the value of the
enjoyment people get by observing (or listening to) whales, as well as their importance in terms of food and source
of various materials to some cultures. Science can help us decide, however, who benefits the most.
1-2
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
, Chapter 02 - The Sea Floor
CHAPTER 2
THE SEA FLOOR
Chapter Outline
2.1. The Water Planet
The Geography of the Ocean Basins
The Structure of the Earth
Internal Structure
Continental and Oceanic Crusts
2.2. The Origin and Structure of the Ocean Basins
Early Evidence of Continental Drift
Plate Tectonics
Discovery of the Mid-Ocean Ridge
Significance of the Mid-Ocean Ridge
Creation of the Sea Floor
Sea-Floor Spreading and Plate Tectonics
Earth’s Geologic History
Continental Drift and the Changing Oceans
The Record in the Sediments
Climate and Changes in Sea Level
2.3. The Geological Provinces of the Ocean
Continental Margins
The Continental Shelf
The Continental Slope
The Continental Rise
Active and Passive Margins
Deep-Ocean Basins
2.4. The Mid-Ocean Ridge and Hydrothermal Vents
Box Readings:
2.1. Eye on Science: Life Below the Sea Floor
2.2. The Hawaiian Islands, Hot Spots, and the Mantle Plumes
Chapter Summary
Chapter 2 summarizes the basic aspects of the geology of the sea floor and points out its relevance to marine
biology. It includes numerous up-to-date maps and illustrations that are especially designed to serve as teaching
aids.
The basic structural features of the ocean basins and the Earth are briefly described first. This material introduces the
student to a more detailed discussion of the origin of the ocean basins and the theory of plate tectonics. Information
is organized in an easy-to-follow progression: early evidence for continental drift, the discovery and significance of
the mid-ocean ridges, the creation of the sea floor, for a complete portrait of plate tectonics—the mechanisms that
explain it all. Plate tectonics is then used to explain features such as trenches, island arcs, and faults. The box
reading on the origin of the Hawaiian Islands further illustrates the consequences of plate tectonics.
2-1
© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
