HESI - Fundamentals practice Exam-
Graded A
When turning an immobile bedridden client without assistance, which action by the
nurse best ensures client safety?
A. Securely grasp the client's arm and leg.
B. Put bed rails up on the side of bed opposite from the nurse.
C. Correctly position and use a turn sheet.
D. Lower the head of the client's bed slowly. - correct answer-B
Rationale: Because the nurse can only stand on one side of the bed, bed rails should be
up on the opposite side to ensure that the client does not fall out of bed. Option A can
cause client injury to the skin or joint. Options C and D are useful techniques while
turning a client but have less priority in terms of safety than use of the bed rails.
The nurse identifies a potential for infection in a client with partial-thickness (second-
degree) and full-thickness (third-degree) burns. What intervention has the highest
priority in decreasing the client's risk of infection?
A. Administration of plasma expanders
B. Use of careful handwashing technique
C. Application of a topical antibacterial cream
D. Limiting visitors to the client with burns - correct answer-B
Rationale: Careful handwashing technique is the single most effective intervention for
the prevention of contamination to all clients. Option A reverses the hypovolemia that
initially accompanies burn trauma but is not related to decreasing the proliferation of
infective organisms. Options C and D are recommended by various burn centers as
possible ways to reduce the chance of infection. Option B is a proven technique to
prevent infection.
The nurse is aware that malnutrition is a common problem among clients served by a
community health clinic for the homeless. Which laboratory value is the most reliable
indicator of chronic protein malnutrition?
A. Low serum albumin level
B. Low serum transferrin level
C. High hemoglobin level
D. High cholesterol level - correct answer-A
Rationale: Long-term protein deficiency is required to cause significantly lowered serum
albumin levels. Albumin is made by the liver only when adequate amounts of amino
acids (from protein breakdown) are available. Albumin has a long half-life, so acute
protein loss does not significantly alter serum levels. Option B is a serum protein with a
half-life of only 8 to 10 days, so it will drop with an acute protein deficiency. Options C
and D are not clinical measures of protein malnutrition.
,In completing a client's preoperative routine, the nurse finds that the operative permit is
not signed. The client begins to ask more questions about the surgical procedure.
Which action should the nurse take next?
A. Witness the client's signature to the permit.
B. Answer the client's questions about the surgery.
C. Inform the surgeon that the operative permit is not signed and the client has
questions about the surgery.
D. Reassure the client that the surgeon will answer any questions before the anesthesia
is administered. - correct answer-C
Rationale: The surgeon should be informed immediately that the permit is not signed. It
is the surgeon's responsibility to explain the procedure to the client and obtain the
client's signature on the permit. Although the nurse can witness an operative permit, the
procedure must first be explained by the health care provider or surgeon, including
answering the client's questions. The client's questions should be addressed before the
permit is signed.
The nurse is assessing several clients prior to surgery. Which factor in a client's history
poses the greatest threat for complications to occur during surgery?
A. Taking birth control pills for the past 2 years
B. Taking anticoagulants for the past year
C. Recently completing antibiotic therapy
D. Having taken laxatives PRN for the last 6 months - correct answer-B
Rationale:
Anticoagulants increase the risk for bleeding during surgery, which can pose a threat for
the development of surgical complications. The health care provider should be informed
that the client is taking these drugs. Although clients who take birth control pills may be
more susceptible to the development of thrombi, such problems usually occur
postoperatively. A client with option C or D is at less of a surgical risk than with option B.
When assisting a client from the bed to a chair, which procedure is best for the nurse to
follow?
A. Place the chair parallel to the bed, with its back toward the head of the bed and
assist the client in moving to the chair.
B. With the nurse's feet spread apart and knees aligned with the client's knees, stand
and pivot the client into the chair.
C. Assist the client to a standing position by gently lifting upward, underneath the
axillae.
D. Stand beside the client, place the client's arms around the nurse's neck, and gently
move the client to the chair. - correct answer-B
Rationale: Option B describes the correct positioning of the nurse and affords the nurse
a wide base of support while stabilizing the client's knees when assisting to a standing
position. The chair should be placed at a 45-degree angle to the bed, with the back of
the chair toward the head of the bed. Clients should never be lifted under the axillae;
this could damage nerves and strain the nurse's back. The client should be instructed to
use the arms of the chair and should never place his or her arms around the nurse's
,neck; this places undue stress on the nurse's neck and back and increases the risk for a
fall.
Which step(s) should the nurse take when administering ear drops to an adult client?
(Select all that apply.)
A. Place the client in a side-lying position.
B. Pull the auricle upward and outward.
C. Hold the dropper 6 cm above the ear canal.
D. Place a cotton ball into the inner canal.
E. Pull the auricle down and back. - correct answer-A, B
Rationale: The correct answers (A and B) are the appropriate administration of ear
drops. The dropper should be held 1 cm (½ inch) above the ear canal (C). A cotton ball
should be placed in the outermost canal (D). The auricle is pulled down and back for a
child younger than 3 years of age, but not an adult (E).
The nurse is instructing a client in the proper use of a metered-dose inhaler. Which
instruction should the nurse provide the client to ensure the optimal benefits from the
drug?
A. "Fill your lungs with air through your mouth and then compress the inhaler."
B. "Compress the inhaler while slowly breathing in through your mouth."
C. "Compress the inhaler while inhaling quickly through your nose."
D. "Exhale completely after compressing the inhaler and then inhale." - correct answer-
B
Rationale: The medication should be inhaled through the mouth simultaneously with
compression of the inhaler. This will facilitate the desired destination of the aerosol
medication deep in the lungs for an optimal bronchodilation effect. Options A, C, and D
do not allow for deep lung penetration.
A 20-year-old female client with a noticeable body odor has refused to shower for the
last 3 days. She states, "I have been told that it is harmful to bathe during my period."
Which action should the nurse take first?
A. Accept and document the client's wish to refrain from bathing.
B. Offer to give the client a bed bath, avoiding the perineal area.
C. Obtain written brochures about menstruation to give to the client.
D. Teach the importance of personal hygiene during menstruation with the client. -
correct answer-D
Rationale: Because a shower is most beneficial for the client in terms of hygiene, the
client should receive teaching first, respecting any personal beliefs such as cultural or
spiritual values. After client teaching, the client may still choose option A or B.
Brochures reinforce the teaching.
While reviewing the side effects of a newly prescribed medication, a 72-year-old client
notes that one of the side effects is a reduction in sexual drive. Which is the best
response by the nurse?
A. "How will this affect your present sexual activity?"
B. "How active is your current sex life?"
, C. "How has your sex life changed as you have become older?"
D. "Tell me about your sexual needs as an older adult." - correct answer-A
Rationale: Option A offers an open-ended question most relevant to the client's
statement. Option B does not offer the client the opportunity to express concerns.
Options C and D are even less relevant to the client's statement.
The nurse is using the Glasgow Coma Scale to perform a neurologic assessment. A
comatose client winces and pulls away from a painful stimulus. Which action should the
nurse take next?
A. Document that the client responds to painful stimulus.
B. Observe the client's response to verbal stimulation.
C. Place the client on seizure precautions for 24 hours.
D. Report decorticate posturing to the health care provider - correct answer-.A
Rationale: The client has demonstrated a purposeful response to pain, which should be
documented as such. Response to painful stimulus is assessed after response to verbal
stimulus, not before. There is no indication for placing the client on seizure precautions.
Reporting decorticate posturing to the health care provider is nonpurposeful movement.
The nurse plans to administer diazepam, 4 mg IV push, to a client with severe anxiety.
How many milliliters should the nurse administer? (Round to the nearest tenth.)
A. 0.2 mL
B. 0.8 mL
C. 1.25 mL
D. 2.0 mL - correct answer-B
Rationale: (1 mL × 4 mg)/5 mg = 0.8 mL
The nurse prepares to insert a nasogastric tube in a client with hyperemesis who is
awake and alert. Which intervention(s) is(are) correct? (Select all that apply.)
A. Place the client in a high Fowler position.
B. Help the client assume a left side-lying position.
C. Measure the tube from the tip of the nose to the umbilicus.
D. Instruct the client to swallow after the tube has passed the pharynx.
E. Assist the client in extending the neck back so the tube may enter the larynx. -
correct answer-A, D
Rationale:
(A and D) are the correct steps to follow during nasogastric intubation. Only the
unconscious or obtunded client should be placed in a left side-lying position (B). The
tube should be measured from the tip of the nose to behind the ear and then from
behind the ear to the xiphoid process (C). The neck should only be extended back prior
to the tube passing the pharynx and then the client should be instructed to position the
neck forward (E).
The nurse teaches the use of a gait belt to a male caregiver whose wife has right-sided
weakness and needs assistance with ambulation. The caregiver performs a return
demonstration of the skill. Which observation indicates that the caregiver has learned
how to perform this procedure correctly?
Graded A
When turning an immobile bedridden client without assistance, which action by the
nurse best ensures client safety?
A. Securely grasp the client's arm and leg.
B. Put bed rails up on the side of bed opposite from the nurse.
C. Correctly position and use a turn sheet.
D. Lower the head of the client's bed slowly. - correct answer-B
Rationale: Because the nurse can only stand on one side of the bed, bed rails should be
up on the opposite side to ensure that the client does not fall out of bed. Option A can
cause client injury to the skin or joint. Options C and D are useful techniques while
turning a client but have less priority in terms of safety than use of the bed rails.
The nurse identifies a potential for infection in a client with partial-thickness (second-
degree) and full-thickness (third-degree) burns. What intervention has the highest
priority in decreasing the client's risk of infection?
A. Administration of plasma expanders
B. Use of careful handwashing technique
C. Application of a topical antibacterial cream
D. Limiting visitors to the client with burns - correct answer-B
Rationale: Careful handwashing technique is the single most effective intervention for
the prevention of contamination to all clients. Option A reverses the hypovolemia that
initially accompanies burn trauma but is not related to decreasing the proliferation of
infective organisms. Options C and D are recommended by various burn centers as
possible ways to reduce the chance of infection. Option B is a proven technique to
prevent infection.
The nurse is aware that malnutrition is a common problem among clients served by a
community health clinic for the homeless. Which laboratory value is the most reliable
indicator of chronic protein malnutrition?
A. Low serum albumin level
B. Low serum transferrin level
C. High hemoglobin level
D. High cholesterol level - correct answer-A
Rationale: Long-term protein deficiency is required to cause significantly lowered serum
albumin levels. Albumin is made by the liver only when adequate amounts of amino
acids (from protein breakdown) are available. Albumin has a long half-life, so acute
protein loss does not significantly alter serum levels. Option B is a serum protein with a
half-life of only 8 to 10 days, so it will drop with an acute protein deficiency. Options C
and D are not clinical measures of protein malnutrition.
,In completing a client's preoperative routine, the nurse finds that the operative permit is
not signed. The client begins to ask more questions about the surgical procedure.
Which action should the nurse take next?
A. Witness the client's signature to the permit.
B. Answer the client's questions about the surgery.
C. Inform the surgeon that the operative permit is not signed and the client has
questions about the surgery.
D. Reassure the client that the surgeon will answer any questions before the anesthesia
is administered. - correct answer-C
Rationale: The surgeon should be informed immediately that the permit is not signed. It
is the surgeon's responsibility to explain the procedure to the client and obtain the
client's signature on the permit. Although the nurse can witness an operative permit, the
procedure must first be explained by the health care provider or surgeon, including
answering the client's questions. The client's questions should be addressed before the
permit is signed.
The nurse is assessing several clients prior to surgery. Which factor in a client's history
poses the greatest threat for complications to occur during surgery?
A. Taking birth control pills for the past 2 years
B. Taking anticoagulants for the past year
C. Recently completing antibiotic therapy
D. Having taken laxatives PRN for the last 6 months - correct answer-B
Rationale:
Anticoagulants increase the risk for bleeding during surgery, which can pose a threat for
the development of surgical complications. The health care provider should be informed
that the client is taking these drugs. Although clients who take birth control pills may be
more susceptible to the development of thrombi, such problems usually occur
postoperatively. A client with option C or D is at less of a surgical risk than with option B.
When assisting a client from the bed to a chair, which procedure is best for the nurse to
follow?
A. Place the chair parallel to the bed, with its back toward the head of the bed and
assist the client in moving to the chair.
B. With the nurse's feet spread apart and knees aligned with the client's knees, stand
and pivot the client into the chair.
C. Assist the client to a standing position by gently lifting upward, underneath the
axillae.
D. Stand beside the client, place the client's arms around the nurse's neck, and gently
move the client to the chair. - correct answer-B
Rationale: Option B describes the correct positioning of the nurse and affords the nurse
a wide base of support while stabilizing the client's knees when assisting to a standing
position. The chair should be placed at a 45-degree angle to the bed, with the back of
the chair toward the head of the bed. Clients should never be lifted under the axillae;
this could damage nerves and strain the nurse's back. The client should be instructed to
use the arms of the chair and should never place his or her arms around the nurse's
,neck; this places undue stress on the nurse's neck and back and increases the risk for a
fall.
Which step(s) should the nurse take when administering ear drops to an adult client?
(Select all that apply.)
A. Place the client in a side-lying position.
B. Pull the auricle upward and outward.
C. Hold the dropper 6 cm above the ear canal.
D. Place a cotton ball into the inner canal.
E. Pull the auricle down and back. - correct answer-A, B
Rationale: The correct answers (A and B) are the appropriate administration of ear
drops. The dropper should be held 1 cm (½ inch) above the ear canal (C). A cotton ball
should be placed in the outermost canal (D). The auricle is pulled down and back for a
child younger than 3 years of age, but not an adult (E).
The nurse is instructing a client in the proper use of a metered-dose inhaler. Which
instruction should the nurse provide the client to ensure the optimal benefits from the
drug?
A. "Fill your lungs with air through your mouth and then compress the inhaler."
B. "Compress the inhaler while slowly breathing in through your mouth."
C. "Compress the inhaler while inhaling quickly through your nose."
D. "Exhale completely after compressing the inhaler and then inhale." - correct answer-
B
Rationale: The medication should be inhaled through the mouth simultaneously with
compression of the inhaler. This will facilitate the desired destination of the aerosol
medication deep in the lungs for an optimal bronchodilation effect. Options A, C, and D
do not allow for deep lung penetration.
A 20-year-old female client with a noticeable body odor has refused to shower for the
last 3 days. She states, "I have been told that it is harmful to bathe during my period."
Which action should the nurse take first?
A. Accept and document the client's wish to refrain from bathing.
B. Offer to give the client a bed bath, avoiding the perineal area.
C. Obtain written brochures about menstruation to give to the client.
D. Teach the importance of personal hygiene during menstruation with the client. -
correct answer-D
Rationale: Because a shower is most beneficial for the client in terms of hygiene, the
client should receive teaching first, respecting any personal beliefs such as cultural or
spiritual values. After client teaching, the client may still choose option A or B.
Brochures reinforce the teaching.
While reviewing the side effects of a newly prescribed medication, a 72-year-old client
notes that one of the side effects is a reduction in sexual drive. Which is the best
response by the nurse?
A. "How will this affect your present sexual activity?"
B. "How active is your current sex life?"
, C. "How has your sex life changed as you have become older?"
D. "Tell me about your sexual needs as an older adult." - correct answer-A
Rationale: Option A offers an open-ended question most relevant to the client's
statement. Option B does not offer the client the opportunity to express concerns.
Options C and D are even less relevant to the client's statement.
The nurse is using the Glasgow Coma Scale to perform a neurologic assessment. A
comatose client winces and pulls away from a painful stimulus. Which action should the
nurse take next?
A. Document that the client responds to painful stimulus.
B. Observe the client's response to verbal stimulation.
C. Place the client on seizure precautions for 24 hours.
D. Report decorticate posturing to the health care provider - correct answer-.A
Rationale: The client has demonstrated a purposeful response to pain, which should be
documented as such. Response to painful stimulus is assessed after response to verbal
stimulus, not before. There is no indication for placing the client on seizure precautions.
Reporting decorticate posturing to the health care provider is nonpurposeful movement.
The nurse plans to administer diazepam, 4 mg IV push, to a client with severe anxiety.
How many milliliters should the nurse administer? (Round to the nearest tenth.)
A. 0.2 mL
B. 0.8 mL
C. 1.25 mL
D. 2.0 mL - correct answer-B
Rationale: (1 mL × 4 mg)/5 mg = 0.8 mL
The nurse prepares to insert a nasogastric tube in a client with hyperemesis who is
awake and alert. Which intervention(s) is(are) correct? (Select all that apply.)
A. Place the client in a high Fowler position.
B. Help the client assume a left side-lying position.
C. Measure the tube from the tip of the nose to the umbilicus.
D. Instruct the client to swallow after the tube has passed the pharynx.
E. Assist the client in extending the neck back so the tube may enter the larynx. -
correct answer-A, D
Rationale:
(A and D) are the correct steps to follow during nasogastric intubation. Only the
unconscious or obtunded client should be placed in a left side-lying position (B). The
tube should be measured from the tip of the nose to behind the ear and then from
behind the ear to the xiphoid process (C). The neck should only be extended back prior
to the tube passing the pharynx and then the client should be instructed to position the
neck forward (E).
The nurse teaches the use of a gait belt to a male caregiver whose wife has right-sided
weakness and needs assistance with ambulation. The caregiver performs a return
demonstration of the skill. Which observation indicates that the caregiver has learned
how to perform this procedure correctly?
