Medical Ethics Final Exam// Bioethics
Newest Update With Detailed Questions
And Correct Answers
The external intervention may come with assumptions that the knowledge and solutions
of high-income countries are inherently superior and universally applicable, without
taking into account local knowledge, practices, or needs
Neocolonialism - CORRECT ANSWER continuation of colonial-like control, often
through economic or ideological means, even after formal political independence.
In healthcare, this can manifest when high-income countries (HICs) or international
organizations impose healthcare models, research priorities, or solutions on low- and
middle-income countries (LMICs) without fully understanding or respecting local
contexts
White saviorism - CORRECT ANSWER paternalistic attitudes and actions of individuals
or groups from HICs who seek to "save" people in lower-income countries, sometimes
without considering the agency, needs, or input of local communities
disregarding local knowledge, leading to a power imbalance where the local population
is portrayed as passive recipients of aid rather than active participants
Top down approach - CORRECT ANSWER decision-making processes in which higher
levels of authority (often external) dictate solutions or interventions without consulting or
involving the local population
Failure to appropriately tailor trials - CORRECT ANSWER fail to appropriately tailor the
approach to local needs, culture, or context, it can result in ineffective or harmful
outcomes
risks either producing irrelevant results or, worse, causing harm by using treatments
Charity based - CORRECT ANSWER aid recipient as passive, framing the intervention
as an act of charity from the "privileged" towards the "needy."
fails to address the underlying systemic issues that lead to poverty, ill-health, or
inequality
intervention is framed as a one-time, aid-driven effort rather than a sustainable,
systemic solution
, rights based approaches - CORRECT ANSWER focus on the idea that health, as well
as other aspects of well-being, are fundamental human rights
empower local entities and take local context
empower local entities - CORRECT ANSWER prioritize empowering local communities
and entities to take an active role in decision-making
take local context - CORRECT ANSWER emphasizes the importance of understanding
and addressing the specific social, economic, cultural, and political contexts of the
community
health is also determined by factors like income, education, housing, gender, and the
environment—often referred to as the social determinants of health
Nationalism - CORRECT ANSWER No Duties Beyond Borders
duties owed to people outside the nation's borders are either minimal or non-existent
prioritizing the interests of citizens over those of foreigners
duties within the state should take precedence because of shared culture, values, and
social contracts
borders are morally meaningful because they define who is inside the moral community
(and thus the scope of duties) and who is outside.
Cosmopolitanism - CORRECT ANSWER Duties Based on Global Citizenship
all human beings, regardless of nationality, share common moral standing, and that we
have duties to people anywhere in the world, not just to those within our own nation
wealthy or powerful countries have an obligation to help poorer countries, protect
refugees, and address global problems
actions in one country often have effects in others, so duties to non-citizens are both
practical and ethical
borders are morally less significant because human beings share common interests and
rights that transcend national divisions
global connectivity - CORRECT ANSWER Focuses on the technological,
communicative, and infrastructural connections that facilitate the movement of
information, goods, services, and people across borders
ex: transportation and technology
Newest Update With Detailed Questions
And Correct Answers
The external intervention may come with assumptions that the knowledge and solutions
of high-income countries are inherently superior and universally applicable, without
taking into account local knowledge, practices, or needs
Neocolonialism - CORRECT ANSWER continuation of colonial-like control, often
through economic or ideological means, even after formal political independence.
In healthcare, this can manifest when high-income countries (HICs) or international
organizations impose healthcare models, research priorities, or solutions on low- and
middle-income countries (LMICs) without fully understanding or respecting local
contexts
White saviorism - CORRECT ANSWER paternalistic attitudes and actions of individuals
or groups from HICs who seek to "save" people in lower-income countries, sometimes
without considering the agency, needs, or input of local communities
disregarding local knowledge, leading to a power imbalance where the local population
is portrayed as passive recipients of aid rather than active participants
Top down approach - CORRECT ANSWER decision-making processes in which higher
levels of authority (often external) dictate solutions or interventions without consulting or
involving the local population
Failure to appropriately tailor trials - CORRECT ANSWER fail to appropriately tailor the
approach to local needs, culture, or context, it can result in ineffective or harmful
outcomes
risks either producing irrelevant results or, worse, causing harm by using treatments
Charity based - CORRECT ANSWER aid recipient as passive, framing the intervention
as an act of charity from the "privileged" towards the "needy."
fails to address the underlying systemic issues that lead to poverty, ill-health, or
inequality
intervention is framed as a one-time, aid-driven effort rather than a sustainable,
systemic solution
, rights based approaches - CORRECT ANSWER focus on the idea that health, as well
as other aspects of well-being, are fundamental human rights
empower local entities and take local context
empower local entities - CORRECT ANSWER prioritize empowering local communities
and entities to take an active role in decision-making
take local context - CORRECT ANSWER emphasizes the importance of understanding
and addressing the specific social, economic, cultural, and political contexts of the
community
health is also determined by factors like income, education, housing, gender, and the
environment—often referred to as the social determinants of health
Nationalism - CORRECT ANSWER No Duties Beyond Borders
duties owed to people outside the nation's borders are either minimal or non-existent
prioritizing the interests of citizens over those of foreigners
duties within the state should take precedence because of shared culture, values, and
social contracts
borders are morally meaningful because they define who is inside the moral community
(and thus the scope of duties) and who is outside.
Cosmopolitanism - CORRECT ANSWER Duties Based on Global Citizenship
all human beings, regardless of nationality, share common moral standing, and that we
have duties to people anywhere in the world, not just to those within our own nation
wealthy or powerful countries have an obligation to help poorer countries, protect
refugees, and address global problems
actions in one country often have effects in others, so duties to non-citizens are both
practical and ethical
borders are morally less significant because human beings share common interests and
rights that transcend national divisions
global connectivity - CORRECT ANSWER Focuses on the technological,
communicative, and infrastructural connections that facilitate the movement of
information, goods, services, and people across borders
ex: transportation and technology
