MERP PHYSIOLOGY TEST
C. Adding proteins to the intracellular space.
Which of the following changes would result in an increased electrical gradient for Na+
entering the cell? A. Adding Cl - to the extracellular space.
B. Adding K+ to the intracellular space.
C. Adding proteins to the intracellular space.
D. Adding Na+ to the intracellular space.
E. Adding PO4 - to the extracellular space.
A doctor analyzing the heart rate response after a painful stimulus.
Correct! This doctor is studying the homeostatic function of the body. Stimulus -
response.
Which of the following scientist is working in the field of physiology?
A doctor studying the in-utero formation of pain receptors.
A doctor analyzing the heart rate response after a painful stimulus.
A doctor following the nerves that bring pain sensations to the brain.
A doctor describing the cellular components of the skin and their arrangement.
Challenge
Deviation from homeostasis is called a ______
negative feedback
When the room temperature goes down
There is a n increased loss of heat from the body
The body temperature goes down
Constriction of blood vessels and curling up cause less heat loss
Shivering causes increased heat production
The body returns to normal temperature
This is an example of positive or negative feedback?
Or coagulation of blood from bleeding patient
Which is an example of homeostasis?
Patient with 102 fever
Type 1 diabetic with normal glucose
Or coagulation of blood from bleeding patient
reduces and goes against
Negative feedback _____ and goes _____ stimulus-induced output/activity to restore
homeostatic levels of the variable
positive feedback
,Increases and goes with the stimulus-induced output/activity above homeostatic levels
of the variable.
Ex: nuclear chain reaction oxytocin induced labor contractions
afferent
efferent
Homeostatic Control Mechanism
1. The receptor senses a change in stimulus
ex a baroreceptor that senses high BP
2. The _________ pathway brings the signal to the integrating center
ex. a nerve
3. The integrating center is the desition center that sends a signal to the ________
pathway
ex medulla
the _____ pathway sends the signal to the effector. Ex nerve
Effector is the target organ
D. Duodenal cells.
Proteins in the bolus is the challenge
Receptors in the duodenal cells are the receptor
GIP is the effector pathway
Stomach churning is a result of the response
Specialized receptors in the duodenal cells sense abundant protein content in the bolus.
Intracellular signaling takes place and, as a result, they secrete Gastric Inhibitory
Peptide (GIP) to the blood. When gastric (stomach) cells receive this signal, they slow
down the churning and retain the food for longer times. Which of the following is the
integrating center of this homeostatic mechanism?
A. Proteins in the bolus.
D. Duodenal cells.
B. Receptors in duodenum.
E. Stomach churning.
C. Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)
passive
Simple diffusion, facilitated diffsion and osmosis are examples of passive or active
transport?
facilitated diffusion
Auquaporins, pores, ligand gated ion chanells, voltage gated ion channels, and
mechanically gated ion channels are a form of ______ and they do not need energy
and hence are passive transtor
active transport
Symporters and Antiporters and pumps are forms of passive or active transport?
faster
If you increase the permeability constant u will get faster or slower diffusion?
slower
If you decrease the surface area of the membrane u will get slower or faster diffusion?
D. H+ leaving the cell through the membrane.
Which of the following is an example of carrier independent transport?
, A. Glucose crossing the membrane through a GLUT-4 transporter.
B. Na+ leaving the cell through a Na+
/K+ ATPase.
C. K+ leaving the cell through a leak pore.
D. H+ leaving the cell through the membrane.
E. Water entering the cell through an aquaporin.
Carrier mediated transport
1. Facilitated Diffusion = high to low concertation movement, down its concentration
gradient, passive transport
2. Primary Active Transport= Movement of solutes against its concentration gradient,
Energy (ATP) required. "Pumps/ATPases"
3. Secondary Active Transport= At least one solute moves in favor and another against
its concentration gradient. A primary active transport fuels secondary transport.
Requires energy. Ex symporters and antiporters
Are these carrier mediated or carrier independent transport?
B) Hydrolysis of ATP by the Na+ /K+ pump.
The Na+ /glucose transporter brings glucose into the intestinal cells against its
concentration gradient. Na+ , on the other hand, moves in favor of its gradient. Where
does the necessary energy for this comes from?
A) Hydrolysis of ATP by the Na+ /glucose transporter.
B) Hydrolysis of ATP by the Na+ /K+ pump.
C) A low intracellular Na+ caused by leak channels.
D) A higher intracellular concentration of K+ .
E) The energy of glucose itself.
low, high
Osmotic pressure is a colligative property.
Depends upon the concentration of particles, not the chemical nature (size, etc) of
the particle.
Osmolarity = solute concentration per unit volume of solution. human blood = 290
mOsm/L
Water moves from a solution of _____ osmolarity to a solution of ____ osmolarity
because water always follows the salts
C. Potassium leak channels
Which of the following types of membrane transport does not require a direct or indirect
energy source to move molecules across a membrane?
A. Primary active transport
B. Operation of the Na+ /K+ pump
C. Potassium leak channels
D. Secondary active transport
E. Symport of glucose and Na+ across the membran
C. RBC volume will decrease.
C. Adding proteins to the intracellular space.
Which of the following changes would result in an increased electrical gradient for Na+
entering the cell? A. Adding Cl - to the extracellular space.
B. Adding K+ to the intracellular space.
C. Adding proteins to the intracellular space.
D. Adding Na+ to the intracellular space.
E. Adding PO4 - to the extracellular space.
A doctor analyzing the heart rate response after a painful stimulus.
Correct! This doctor is studying the homeostatic function of the body. Stimulus -
response.
Which of the following scientist is working in the field of physiology?
A doctor studying the in-utero formation of pain receptors.
A doctor analyzing the heart rate response after a painful stimulus.
A doctor following the nerves that bring pain sensations to the brain.
A doctor describing the cellular components of the skin and their arrangement.
Challenge
Deviation from homeostasis is called a ______
negative feedback
When the room temperature goes down
There is a n increased loss of heat from the body
The body temperature goes down
Constriction of blood vessels and curling up cause less heat loss
Shivering causes increased heat production
The body returns to normal temperature
This is an example of positive or negative feedback?
Or coagulation of blood from bleeding patient
Which is an example of homeostasis?
Patient with 102 fever
Type 1 diabetic with normal glucose
Or coagulation of blood from bleeding patient
reduces and goes against
Negative feedback _____ and goes _____ stimulus-induced output/activity to restore
homeostatic levels of the variable
positive feedback
,Increases and goes with the stimulus-induced output/activity above homeostatic levels
of the variable.
Ex: nuclear chain reaction oxytocin induced labor contractions
afferent
efferent
Homeostatic Control Mechanism
1. The receptor senses a change in stimulus
ex a baroreceptor that senses high BP
2. The _________ pathway brings the signal to the integrating center
ex. a nerve
3. The integrating center is the desition center that sends a signal to the ________
pathway
ex medulla
the _____ pathway sends the signal to the effector. Ex nerve
Effector is the target organ
D. Duodenal cells.
Proteins in the bolus is the challenge
Receptors in the duodenal cells are the receptor
GIP is the effector pathway
Stomach churning is a result of the response
Specialized receptors in the duodenal cells sense abundant protein content in the bolus.
Intracellular signaling takes place and, as a result, they secrete Gastric Inhibitory
Peptide (GIP) to the blood. When gastric (stomach) cells receive this signal, they slow
down the churning and retain the food for longer times. Which of the following is the
integrating center of this homeostatic mechanism?
A. Proteins in the bolus.
D. Duodenal cells.
B. Receptors in duodenum.
E. Stomach churning.
C. Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)
passive
Simple diffusion, facilitated diffsion and osmosis are examples of passive or active
transport?
facilitated diffusion
Auquaporins, pores, ligand gated ion chanells, voltage gated ion channels, and
mechanically gated ion channels are a form of ______ and they do not need energy
and hence are passive transtor
active transport
Symporters and Antiporters and pumps are forms of passive or active transport?
faster
If you increase the permeability constant u will get faster or slower diffusion?
slower
If you decrease the surface area of the membrane u will get slower or faster diffusion?
D. H+ leaving the cell through the membrane.
Which of the following is an example of carrier independent transport?
, A. Glucose crossing the membrane through a GLUT-4 transporter.
B. Na+ leaving the cell through a Na+
/K+ ATPase.
C. K+ leaving the cell through a leak pore.
D. H+ leaving the cell through the membrane.
E. Water entering the cell through an aquaporin.
Carrier mediated transport
1. Facilitated Diffusion = high to low concertation movement, down its concentration
gradient, passive transport
2. Primary Active Transport= Movement of solutes against its concentration gradient,
Energy (ATP) required. "Pumps/ATPases"
3. Secondary Active Transport= At least one solute moves in favor and another against
its concentration gradient. A primary active transport fuels secondary transport.
Requires energy. Ex symporters and antiporters
Are these carrier mediated or carrier independent transport?
B) Hydrolysis of ATP by the Na+ /K+ pump.
The Na+ /glucose transporter brings glucose into the intestinal cells against its
concentration gradient. Na+ , on the other hand, moves in favor of its gradient. Where
does the necessary energy for this comes from?
A) Hydrolysis of ATP by the Na+ /glucose transporter.
B) Hydrolysis of ATP by the Na+ /K+ pump.
C) A low intracellular Na+ caused by leak channels.
D) A higher intracellular concentration of K+ .
E) The energy of glucose itself.
low, high
Osmotic pressure is a colligative property.
Depends upon the concentration of particles, not the chemical nature (size, etc) of
the particle.
Osmolarity = solute concentration per unit volume of solution. human blood = 290
mOsm/L
Water moves from a solution of _____ osmolarity to a solution of ____ osmolarity
because water always follows the salts
C. Potassium leak channels
Which of the following types of membrane transport does not require a direct or indirect
energy source to move molecules across a membrane?
A. Primary active transport
B. Operation of the Na+ /K+ pump
C. Potassium leak channels
D. Secondary active transport
E. Symport of glucose and Na+ across the membran
C. RBC volume will decrease.
