ASU BIO 340 Exam 1/ 188 Qs with Definitive
Solution/ 2024-2025.
selective breeding (artificial selection) - Answer: the process of developing organisms with
specific characteristics as chosen by the breeders
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) - Answer: Amateur botanist who published an explanation of
hereditary transmission in plants in 1866. Known for his pea-plant experiments and commonly
referred to as the "father of genetics"
modern genetics - Answer: the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics
bacterial transforming principle - Answer: an experiment proposed by Frederick Griffith in 1928
which suggested that a "transforming principle" from a heat-killed virulent Pneumococcus strain
can transform a non-virulent strain into a pathogenic one.
Page 1 of 22
,natural selection - Answer: a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend
to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
descent with modification - Answer: principle that each living species has descended, with
changes, from other species over time
mutation - Answer: a random error in gene replication that leads to a change
silent mutation - Answer: a mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the
amino acid created.
missense mutation - Answer: a point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is
mutated into a codon that specifies a different amino acid.
nonsense mutation - Answer: a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three
stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.
frameshift mutation - Answer: a mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic
message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
insertion - Answer: a mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.
deletion - Answer: a change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the chromosome is
removed.
genetic drift - Answer: a change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance
events rather than natural selection.
gene flow (migration) - Answer: movement of alleles from one population to another
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, nonrandom mating - Answer: mating among individuals on the basis of their phenotypic
similarities or differences, rather than mating on a random basis
point mutation - Answer: gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides.
degeneracy - Answer: redundancy of the genetic code; that is, most amino acids are encoded by
several codons
conditional mutation - Answer: a mutation that results in a characteristic phenotype only under
certain environmental conditions.
Avery, McCarty, MacLeod (1944) - Answer: biological researchers who identified DNA as the
likely transforming principle in Griffith's experiment.
Hershey and Chase (1952) - Answer: concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage
was DNA, not protein.
Edwin Chargaff - Answer: Austrian biochemist who discovered that identical quantities of A and
T, C and G were present in DNA (developed the complementary base-pairing rule for DNA).
Frederick Griffith (1928) - Answer: British bacteriologist; the first person to show that hereditary
information could be transferred from one cell to another horizontally rather than vertically
genome - Answer: the complete set of genetic information carried by a species
vertical transmission - Answer: gene transmission between organisms without parental
reproduction
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Solution/ 2024-2025.
selective breeding (artificial selection) - Answer: the process of developing organisms with
specific characteristics as chosen by the breeders
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) - Answer: Amateur botanist who published an explanation of
hereditary transmission in plants in 1866. Known for his pea-plant experiments and commonly
referred to as the "father of genetics"
modern genetics - Answer: the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics
bacterial transforming principle - Answer: an experiment proposed by Frederick Griffith in 1928
which suggested that a "transforming principle" from a heat-killed virulent Pneumococcus strain
can transform a non-virulent strain into a pathogenic one.
Page 1 of 22
,natural selection - Answer: a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend
to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
descent with modification - Answer: principle that each living species has descended, with
changes, from other species over time
mutation - Answer: a random error in gene replication that leads to a change
silent mutation - Answer: a mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the
amino acid created.
missense mutation - Answer: a point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is
mutated into a codon that specifies a different amino acid.
nonsense mutation - Answer: a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three
stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.
frameshift mutation - Answer: a mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic
message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
insertion - Answer: a mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.
deletion - Answer: a change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the chromosome is
removed.
genetic drift - Answer: a change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance
events rather than natural selection.
gene flow (migration) - Answer: movement of alleles from one population to another
Page 2 of 22
, nonrandom mating - Answer: mating among individuals on the basis of their phenotypic
similarities or differences, rather than mating on a random basis
point mutation - Answer: gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides.
degeneracy - Answer: redundancy of the genetic code; that is, most amino acids are encoded by
several codons
conditional mutation - Answer: a mutation that results in a characteristic phenotype only under
certain environmental conditions.
Avery, McCarty, MacLeod (1944) - Answer: biological researchers who identified DNA as the
likely transforming principle in Griffith's experiment.
Hershey and Chase (1952) - Answer: concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage
was DNA, not protein.
Edwin Chargaff - Answer: Austrian biochemist who discovered that identical quantities of A and
T, C and G were present in DNA (developed the complementary base-pairing rule for DNA).
Frederick Griffith (1928) - Answer: British bacteriologist; the first person to show that hereditary
information could be transferred from one cell to another horizontally rather than vertically
genome - Answer: the complete set of genetic information carried by a species
vertical transmission - Answer: gene transmission between organisms without parental
reproduction
Page 3 of 22
