Psychology 1000 Midterm 2 Questions &
Solutions(RATED A+)
Developmental Psychology - ANSWER The study of age-related changes in behavior
and mental processes from conception onward
Nature and nurture - ANSWER How is our development influenced by the interaction
between our genetic inheritance and experiences?
Continuity and stages - ANSWER What parts of development are gradual and
continuous and what parts change abruptly?
Stability and change - ANSWER Which of our traits persist and which change through
life?
Cognitive Development: Jean Piaget - ANSWER Interaction of biology with experience
Development shaped by the errors we make
Schemas change due to? - ANSWER 1. Assimilation
2. Accommodation
Assimilation - ANSWER Absorbing new information into existing schemas
Accommodation - ANSWER Adjusting old schemas or developing new ones to better fit
with new information
Sensorimotor Stage - ANSWER Explores the world with their senses
Scale Errors - ANSWER Children age 18 to 30 months may fail to take the size of an
object into account when trying to perform impossible actions with it. At left, a 21-month-
old attempts to slide down a miniature slide. At right, a 24-month-old opens the door to
a miniature car and tries to step inside (DeLoache et al., 2004).
Egocentric - ANSWER Cannot take another person's perspective or point of view
- A child holds up a picture to show her dad, but she holds it so that she can see it and
her dad only sees the back of the paper
Animistic - ANSWER Believes everything is alive
"The floor tripped me!"
Concrete Operational Stage - ANSWER Children now grasp conservation problems and
can transform mathematical functions
4 + 8 = 12 and 12 - 4 = 8
,Cannot reason abstractly or hypothetically
Formal Operational Stage - ANSWER Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning
Premises
All poodles are dogs.
All dogs are animals.
Conclusion
Therefore, all poodles are animals
Reflecting on Piaget - ANSWER Development is a continuous process.
Children express their mental abilities and operations at an earlier age than Piaget
thought.
Formal logic is a smaller part of cognition.
Social Development: Infant Attachment - ANSWER Emotional tie with another person
Shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver, and showing
distress on separation
At about 8 months, soon after object permanence develops, children separated from
their caregivers display stranger anxiety.
Humans don't imprint, but we may have critical periods for normal development
Origins of Attachment - ANSWER Harlow (1958)
- Monkeys taken away from their mothers
- Given two surrogate mothers
- Wire mother
- Cloth mother
- Randomly assign food to one mother
- Which mother do the monkeys interact with more?
Attachment in Children - ANSWER Ainsworth's Strange Situation paradigm identified
three types of attachment in children:
- Secure
- Avoidant
- Anxious / Ambivalent
Secure Attachment - ANSWER Relaxed and attentive caregiving becomes the
backbone of secure attachment
, Insecure Attachment - ANSWER Harlow's studies showed that monkeys experience
great anxiety if their terry-cloth mother is removed.
Research suggests the attachment patterns we develop as infants may carry over into
similar patterns in our adult ______________ relationships. - ANSWER romantic
Pavlov's Experiments - ANSWER Before conditioning, food (Unconditioned Stimulus,
US) produces salivation (Unconditioned Response, UR).
The tone (Neutral Stimulus) does not.
During conditioning, the Neutral Stimulus (tone) and the US (food) are paired, resulting
in salivation (UR).
After conditioning, the neutral stimulus (now Conditioned Stimulus, CS) elicits salivation
(now Conditioned Response, CR)
Classical Conditioning of Fear - ANSWER Applied classical conditioning principles to
humans
- Acquisition of phobias
- Little Albert
- Development is simply learned responses from our environment
- We fear what we've learned to fear
John Watson Said ... - ANSWER "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my
own specified world to bring them up in, and I'll guarantee to take anyone at random
and train them to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist,
merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggar man and thief, regardless of his talents,
penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors."
Acquisition - ANSWER The CS needs to come half a second before the US for
acquisition to occur.
Stimulus Generalization - ANSWER Learned response to stimuli that are similar to the
original conditioned stimuli (CS)
Stimulus Discrimination - ANSWER Learned response to a specific stimulus, but not to
other, similar stimuli
Extinction - ANSWER UCS withheld when CS presented leads to gradual weakening or
suppression of a previously conditioned response (CR)
Extinction is the disappearance of a previously learned behavior when the behavior is
not reinforced
Solutions(RATED A+)
Developmental Psychology - ANSWER The study of age-related changes in behavior
and mental processes from conception onward
Nature and nurture - ANSWER How is our development influenced by the interaction
between our genetic inheritance and experiences?
Continuity and stages - ANSWER What parts of development are gradual and
continuous and what parts change abruptly?
Stability and change - ANSWER Which of our traits persist and which change through
life?
Cognitive Development: Jean Piaget - ANSWER Interaction of biology with experience
Development shaped by the errors we make
Schemas change due to? - ANSWER 1. Assimilation
2. Accommodation
Assimilation - ANSWER Absorbing new information into existing schemas
Accommodation - ANSWER Adjusting old schemas or developing new ones to better fit
with new information
Sensorimotor Stage - ANSWER Explores the world with their senses
Scale Errors - ANSWER Children age 18 to 30 months may fail to take the size of an
object into account when trying to perform impossible actions with it. At left, a 21-month-
old attempts to slide down a miniature slide. At right, a 24-month-old opens the door to
a miniature car and tries to step inside (DeLoache et al., 2004).
Egocentric - ANSWER Cannot take another person's perspective or point of view
- A child holds up a picture to show her dad, but she holds it so that she can see it and
her dad only sees the back of the paper
Animistic - ANSWER Believes everything is alive
"The floor tripped me!"
Concrete Operational Stage - ANSWER Children now grasp conservation problems and
can transform mathematical functions
4 + 8 = 12 and 12 - 4 = 8
,Cannot reason abstractly or hypothetically
Formal Operational Stage - ANSWER Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning
Premises
All poodles are dogs.
All dogs are animals.
Conclusion
Therefore, all poodles are animals
Reflecting on Piaget - ANSWER Development is a continuous process.
Children express their mental abilities and operations at an earlier age than Piaget
thought.
Formal logic is a smaller part of cognition.
Social Development: Infant Attachment - ANSWER Emotional tie with another person
Shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver, and showing
distress on separation
At about 8 months, soon after object permanence develops, children separated from
their caregivers display stranger anxiety.
Humans don't imprint, but we may have critical periods for normal development
Origins of Attachment - ANSWER Harlow (1958)
- Monkeys taken away from their mothers
- Given two surrogate mothers
- Wire mother
- Cloth mother
- Randomly assign food to one mother
- Which mother do the monkeys interact with more?
Attachment in Children - ANSWER Ainsworth's Strange Situation paradigm identified
three types of attachment in children:
- Secure
- Avoidant
- Anxious / Ambivalent
Secure Attachment - ANSWER Relaxed and attentive caregiving becomes the
backbone of secure attachment
, Insecure Attachment - ANSWER Harlow's studies showed that monkeys experience
great anxiety if their terry-cloth mother is removed.
Research suggests the attachment patterns we develop as infants may carry over into
similar patterns in our adult ______________ relationships. - ANSWER romantic
Pavlov's Experiments - ANSWER Before conditioning, food (Unconditioned Stimulus,
US) produces salivation (Unconditioned Response, UR).
The tone (Neutral Stimulus) does not.
During conditioning, the Neutral Stimulus (tone) and the US (food) are paired, resulting
in salivation (UR).
After conditioning, the neutral stimulus (now Conditioned Stimulus, CS) elicits salivation
(now Conditioned Response, CR)
Classical Conditioning of Fear - ANSWER Applied classical conditioning principles to
humans
- Acquisition of phobias
- Little Albert
- Development is simply learned responses from our environment
- We fear what we've learned to fear
John Watson Said ... - ANSWER "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my
own specified world to bring them up in, and I'll guarantee to take anyone at random
and train them to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist,
merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggar man and thief, regardless of his talents,
penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors."
Acquisition - ANSWER The CS needs to come half a second before the US for
acquisition to occur.
Stimulus Generalization - ANSWER Learned response to stimuli that are similar to the
original conditioned stimuli (CS)
Stimulus Discrimination - ANSWER Learned response to a specific stimulus, but not to
other, similar stimuli
Extinction - ANSWER UCS withheld when CS presented leads to gradual weakening or
suppression of a previously conditioned response (CR)
Extinction is the disappearance of a previously learned behavior when the behavior is
not reinforced
