MCDB 1A UCSB MIDTERM EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
Condensation reaction - ANSWER (also called dehydration) results in the
covalent bonds between between monomers. A molecule of water is released
when each covalent bond is formed. Polymers form only if water molecules are
removed and energy is added to the system.
Hydrolysis - ANSWER results in the breakdown of polymers into their
component monomers. Water reacts with the covalent bonds that link the
polymer together. For each covalent bond that is broken, a water molecule splits
into two ions (H+ and OH-), which each become part of one of the products.
Releases energy.
Nucleic acids - ANSWER polymers specialized for the storage, transmission,
and use of genetic information. Two types- DNA and RNA. grow in the 3'-5'
direction
DNA - ANSWER a macromolecule that encodes hereditary information and
passes it from one generation to another. The information encoded is used to
specify the amino acid sequences of proteins and control the expression
synthesis of other RNAs. Pentose sugar is deoxyribose. Carries genetic
information in its sequence of base pairs rather than its three-dimensional
structure. Double stranded helix, right-handed helix, antiparallel, and has major
and minor grooves in which the outer edges of the nitrogenous bases are
exposed.
RNA - ANSWER single stranded.
,Nucleotide - ANSWER consists of a nitrogen containing base, a pentose sugar,
and one to three phosphate groups.
Phosphodiester linkage - ANSWER bond between two nucleotides. Occurs
between the phosphate group and the 3'-carbon on the last sugar
DNA replication - ANSWER exact reproduction of DNA. Done by
polymerization using an existing strand as a base-pairing template. Depends on
base pairings of nucleic acids. Involves entire DNA molecule.
Transcription - ANSWER copies DNA into RNA. Requires base pairings of
nucleic acids. Initiation, elongation, and termination
Translation - ANSWER the nucleotide sequence in the RNA molecule
specifies a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
Gene expression - ANSWER overall process of transcription and translation.
Genome - ANSWER complete set of DNA in a living organism
Genes ANSWER The sequences of DNA that are transcribed into RNA
Frederick Griffith ANSWER was able to show that some substance in cells can
cause heritable changes in other cells. Dead pneumonia cells continued to cause
heritable change in other cells.
, Oswald Avery - ANSWER Discovered the substance responsible for bacterial
transformation. We now know that the gene for the enzyme that catalyzes the
synthesis of polysaccharide capsule, which gives the bacterial colony its
"smooth" appearance was transferred into the R cells during transformation.
Hershey and Chase - ANSWER demonstrated that DNA, not protein, enters
bacterial cells and directs the assembly of new viruses.
Chargraffs rule - ANSWER In any DNA sample, the amount of adenine equals
the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine equals the amount of
cytosine. As a result, the total abundance of purines (A+G) equals the total
abundance of pyramidines (T+C)
Watson and Crick - ANSWER proposed that the two strands in dna are
antiparallel
Polynucleotide - ANSWER phosphate group at 5' end and OH- group at 3' end.
5' end is paired with the 3'end of another nucleotide
Semiconservative DNA replication - ANSWER each parent strand serves as a
template for a new strand, and the two new DNA molecules have one old and
one new strand. 2 steps-the double helix is unwound, separating the two
template strands and exposing them to be used for base pairing with new
nucleotides. As these new nucleotides are covalently bonded together by
phosphodiester bonds, they form a sugar-phosphate polymer-a complementary
strand to the original DNA sequence.
DNA primer a short single strand of RNA that is complementary to the DNA
template and synthesized one nucleotide at a time by an enzyme known as
primase.
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
Condensation reaction - ANSWER (also called dehydration) results in the
covalent bonds between between monomers. A molecule of water is released
when each covalent bond is formed. Polymers form only if water molecules are
removed and energy is added to the system.
Hydrolysis - ANSWER results in the breakdown of polymers into their
component monomers. Water reacts with the covalent bonds that link the
polymer together. For each covalent bond that is broken, a water molecule splits
into two ions (H+ and OH-), which each become part of one of the products.
Releases energy.
Nucleic acids - ANSWER polymers specialized for the storage, transmission,
and use of genetic information. Two types- DNA and RNA. grow in the 3'-5'
direction
DNA - ANSWER a macromolecule that encodes hereditary information and
passes it from one generation to another. The information encoded is used to
specify the amino acid sequences of proteins and control the expression
synthesis of other RNAs. Pentose sugar is deoxyribose. Carries genetic
information in its sequence of base pairs rather than its three-dimensional
structure. Double stranded helix, right-handed helix, antiparallel, and has major
and minor grooves in which the outer edges of the nitrogenous bases are
exposed.
RNA - ANSWER single stranded.
,Nucleotide - ANSWER consists of a nitrogen containing base, a pentose sugar,
and one to three phosphate groups.
Phosphodiester linkage - ANSWER bond between two nucleotides. Occurs
between the phosphate group and the 3'-carbon on the last sugar
DNA replication - ANSWER exact reproduction of DNA. Done by
polymerization using an existing strand as a base-pairing template. Depends on
base pairings of nucleic acids. Involves entire DNA molecule.
Transcription - ANSWER copies DNA into RNA. Requires base pairings of
nucleic acids. Initiation, elongation, and termination
Translation - ANSWER the nucleotide sequence in the RNA molecule
specifies a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
Gene expression - ANSWER overall process of transcription and translation.
Genome - ANSWER complete set of DNA in a living organism
Genes ANSWER The sequences of DNA that are transcribed into RNA
Frederick Griffith ANSWER was able to show that some substance in cells can
cause heritable changes in other cells. Dead pneumonia cells continued to cause
heritable change in other cells.
, Oswald Avery - ANSWER Discovered the substance responsible for bacterial
transformation. We now know that the gene for the enzyme that catalyzes the
synthesis of polysaccharide capsule, which gives the bacterial colony its
"smooth" appearance was transferred into the R cells during transformation.
Hershey and Chase - ANSWER demonstrated that DNA, not protein, enters
bacterial cells and directs the assembly of new viruses.
Chargraffs rule - ANSWER In any DNA sample, the amount of adenine equals
the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine equals the amount of
cytosine. As a result, the total abundance of purines (A+G) equals the total
abundance of pyramidines (T+C)
Watson and Crick - ANSWER proposed that the two strands in dna are
antiparallel
Polynucleotide - ANSWER phosphate group at 5' end and OH- group at 3' end.
5' end is paired with the 3'end of another nucleotide
Semiconservative DNA replication - ANSWER each parent strand serves as a
template for a new strand, and the two new DNA molecules have one old and
one new strand. 2 steps-the double helix is unwound, separating the two
template strands and exposing them to be used for base pairing with new
nucleotides. As these new nucleotides are covalently bonded together by
phosphodiester bonds, they form a sugar-phosphate polymer-a complementary
strand to the original DNA sequence.
DNA primer a short single strand of RNA that is complementary to the DNA
template and synthesized one nucleotide at a time by an enzyme known as
primase.
