Animal Behavior Exam Bank Solution Manual Already Passed (Graded A+)

Animal Behavior Exam Bank Solution Manual Already Passed (Graded A+) ethology - Answers study of animal behavior behavioral ecology - Answers the study of behavior that seeks to explain how specific behaviors increase individual reproductive success Kinds of animal behavior - Answers Instinct Fixed Action Patterns Imprinting Associative Learning Trial and error learning Spatial learning Habituation Observational learning Insight Instinct - Answers behavior that is innate Fixed Action Patterns - Answers innate behaviors that follow a regular unvarying pattern. -initiated by a specific stimulus -carried out to completion even if original intent of the behavior can no longer be fulfilled ex-- the male stickleback fish attacks any object that has a red underside (territory) Imprinting - Answers innate program for acquiring a specific behavior only if an appropriate stimulus is experienced during a critical period -irreversible ex: goslings follow the first thing they see when they hatch critical period - Answers limited time interval during the life of an animal. when imprinting can occur associative learning - Answers occurs when an animal recognizes that two or more events are connected -includes classical conditioning, operant conditioning, spatial learning classical conditioning - Answers type of associative learning. -occurs when an animal performs a behavior in response to a substitute stimulus rather than the normal stimulus Trial and error learning - Answers also called operant conditioning. -also a form of associative learning -occurs when the animal connects its own behavior with a particular environmental response *if desirable, animal does the same response *if undesirable, animal avoids the same response Spatial learning - Answers form of associative learning occurs when an animal associates attributes of a location (by landmarks) with the rewards it gains by being able to identify and return to that location Habituation - Answers learned behavior that allows the animal to disregard meaningless stimuli Observational learning - Answers occurs when animals copy the behavior of another animal without having experienced any prior positive reinforcement with the behavior Insight - Answers occurs when an animal that is exposed to a new situation and has no prior relevant experience is able to perform a behavior that generates a desirable outcome. maturation - Answers some behaviors that appear to be learned can actually be innate but require maturation ex: birds can only fly after they physically matured What is the advantage of having innate behavior? - Answers increase individual fitness. ex: FAP provides a successful and dependable mechanism for the animal to perform in response to an event that through evolution has become expected. What is the advantage of imprinting? - Answers provides flexibility ex: if mother is killed before the chick hatches, the chick will imprint and choose a nearby bird for its mother What is the advantage of associative learning? - Answers allows individuals to benefit from exposure to unexpected repeated events is able to respond more efficiently Advantage to observational learning and insight? - Answers provides a mechanism to learn new behaviors in response to unexpected events without receiving reinforcement. reduces the time required for new behaviors to be acquired 3 kinds of animal movement - Answers Kinesis Taxis Migration Kinesis - Answers undirected change in the speed of an animal's movement in response to a stimulus -random movement -animal is no longer in a favorable environment Taxis - Answers directed movement in response to a stimulus -not random, towards a stimulus phototaxis - Answers movement towards light Migration: long-distance, seasonal movement of animals -in response to seasonal availability of food or degradation of environmental conditions Communication in Animals includes - Answers chemical visual auditory tactile Chemical communication - Answers pheromones includes releaser pheromones and primer pheromones can elicit responses when they are smelled or eaten ex-- pee releaser pheromones - Answers chemicals that cause immediate and specific behavioral changes primer pheromones - Answers chemicals that cause physiological changes Visual Communication - Answers can be observed during displays of aggression or during courtship before reproduction