Biology Major Field EXAM Study
Set
"4 Biomolecules and Monomers - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Protein (amino acids)
Carbohydrates (simple sugars) Lipids (glycerol and fatty acids) Nuclei acids (nucleotides)"
dipeptides - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅two amino acids bonded together
what is the general fatty acid formula - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅CH3(CH2)nCOOH
where n= an even number between 12 and 24
explain identifying saturated vs. unsaturated fats - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅saturated:
only single bonds in hydrocarbon chain... unsaturated: one or more double bonds
glycerides - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Levels of Protein Structure - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1. order of amino acids 2. alpha-
helices or beta-pleated sheets 3. bonding b/w a.a. side chains 4. multi-subunit structure
nucleotide is composed of - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅phosphate group; sugar group;
nitrogenous base
Vmax - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅maximum reaction rate at which point substrate is
saturated with enzyme
Feedback Inhibition - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅end-product of enzyme catalyzed rxn.
blocks original enz.
,Competitive Inhibition - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅molecules compete with substrate for
enzyme's active sites
irreversible inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅chemically and covalently bind to active
site; rendering it permanently inactive
psuedoirreversible inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅extremely high affinities for
active site; hard to displace
noncompetitive inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅do not compete for active site but
act elsewhere on enz.; altering 3D shape
photosynthesis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅anabolic process that converts sunlight into
energy stored in the phosphate bonds of ATP, then more permanently stored in bonds of organic
carbon compounds
electron transport chain - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅series of carrier molecules on the
inner mitochondrial membrane which pass electrons through enzymes that pump protons to one
side of the membrane, creating a proton gradient
chemiosmosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅the use of a gradient, such as a proton gradient,
to generate energy. The ATP synthase enzyme uses the kinetic movement of protons down the
gradient to store energy by converting ADP to ATP
ATP - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Adenosine tri phosphate, a modified nucleotide that
stores energy in it's phosphate bonds.
fermentation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅glycolysis and the additional steps leading to the
formation of ethanol or lactic acid, to make ATP. It does not include the Kreb's cycle (producing
CO2) or the ETC.
, occluding/tight junctions - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅nothing can diffuse between cells or
past junction
anchoring junctions - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅physical joining so cells do not shear
away
communicating junctions - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅gap junctions are formed by proteins
called connexins that allow for undisrupted and very fast signal transmission
plasmodesmata - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅plant cells' equivalent of gap junctions
G-actin - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅globular monomer
F-actin - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅long filament
microtubules - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅cellular conveyor belts
microtubule assoc. proteins - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅attach to tubulin on one end and
cargo on the other dyneins: pull to center kinesins: outside"
9+2 structure - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅9 prs microtubules surrounding 2 central
microtubules for stability (structure of cilia&flagella)
basal bodies - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅microtubule triplets; anchor cilia/flagella;
foundation for new microtubules
centrioles - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅anchor microtubules growing into mitotic spindle
Set
"4 Biomolecules and Monomers - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Protein (amino acids)
Carbohydrates (simple sugars) Lipids (glycerol and fatty acids) Nuclei acids (nucleotides)"
dipeptides - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅two amino acids bonded together
what is the general fatty acid formula - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅CH3(CH2)nCOOH
where n= an even number between 12 and 24
explain identifying saturated vs. unsaturated fats - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅saturated:
only single bonds in hydrocarbon chain... unsaturated: one or more double bonds
glycerides - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Levels of Protein Structure - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1. order of amino acids 2. alpha-
helices or beta-pleated sheets 3. bonding b/w a.a. side chains 4. multi-subunit structure
nucleotide is composed of - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅phosphate group; sugar group;
nitrogenous base
Vmax - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅maximum reaction rate at which point substrate is
saturated with enzyme
Feedback Inhibition - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅end-product of enzyme catalyzed rxn.
blocks original enz.
,Competitive Inhibition - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅molecules compete with substrate for
enzyme's active sites
irreversible inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅chemically and covalently bind to active
site; rendering it permanently inactive
psuedoirreversible inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅extremely high affinities for
active site; hard to displace
noncompetitive inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅do not compete for active site but
act elsewhere on enz.; altering 3D shape
photosynthesis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅anabolic process that converts sunlight into
energy stored in the phosphate bonds of ATP, then more permanently stored in bonds of organic
carbon compounds
electron transport chain - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅series of carrier molecules on the
inner mitochondrial membrane which pass electrons through enzymes that pump protons to one
side of the membrane, creating a proton gradient
chemiosmosis - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅the use of a gradient, such as a proton gradient,
to generate energy. The ATP synthase enzyme uses the kinetic movement of protons down the
gradient to store energy by converting ADP to ATP
ATP - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Adenosine tri phosphate, a modified nucleotide that
stores energy in it's phosphate bonds.
fermentation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅glycolysis and the additional steps leading to the
formation of ethanol or lactic acid, to make ATP. It does not include the Kreb's cycle (producing
CO2) or the ETC.
, occluding/tight junctions - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅nothing can diffuse between cells or
past junction
anchoring junctions - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅physical joining so cells do not shear
away
communicating junctions - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅gap junctions are formed by proteins
called connexins that allow for undisrupted and very fast signal transmission
plasmodesmata - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅plant cells' equivalent of gap junctions
G-actin - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅globular monomer
F-actin - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅long filament
microtubules - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅cellular conveyor belts
microtubule assoc. proteins - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅attach to tubulin on one end and
cargo on the other dyneins: pull to center kinesins: outside"
9+2 structure - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅9 prs microtubules surrounding 2 central
microtubules for stability (structure of cilia&flagella)
basal bodies - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅microtubule triplets; anchor cilia/flagella;
foundation for new microtubules
centrioles - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅anchor microtubules growing into mitotic spindle
