NUR 210 Exam 3 Study Guide
what percentage of our body weight is body water? - ANSWER:60%
what are the functions of body fluid in the body? - ANSWER:lubricant
metabolism
transport
regulates body temperature
what are electrolytes and what does concentration depend on? - ANSWER:-Na+, Cl-, Mg+, Ca+, K+
-electrically charged when in solution
-influenced by fluid intake and output, acid base balance, hormones, cell functions
-concentration depends on intake, absorption, distribution, and excretion
how is water distributed throughout the body? - ANSWER:1) Intracellular:
Two-thirds of water in body
2)Extracellular:
Remaining third is divided into 2 compartments:
-Interstitial fluid (in between cells and organs)
-Plasma
What electrolytes are highest in the intracellular fluid? Extracellular fluid? - ANSWER:ICF: high K+, Mg+,
phosphate
ECF: high Na+, Cl-, bicarbonate ions
what is hydrostatic pressure? is it higher at arteriole or venous end of capillary? when does hydrostatic
pressure increase? - ANSWER:-water pushing pressure
-higher at arteriole end (pushing oxygen and nutrients out of capillary to go to cells)
-increases due to venous obstruction or salt/water retention (due to CHF/kidney failure), edema occurs
what is osmotic pressure? is it higher at arteriole or venous end of capillary? - ANSWER:-water pulling
pressure
-high at venous end (want to pull fluid back into capillary from cells to bring back to heart, and get rid of
waste products)
,what is osmolality? what is the electrolyte involved? - ANSWER:solute concentration in blood, how much
stuff is in fluid
-sodium is main thing influencing osmolarity in blood, highest concentration
-water follows sodium
what is osmosis? - ANSWER:water moving across a semi permeability membrane
moves from low to high concentration
what is colloidal osmotic pressure? what is main thing that influences? - ANSWER:'oncotic pressure"
-pressure from stuff in blood
-increased pressure when increase particles (want to pull fluid in
-albumin is main influence
-increase albumin, increase COP, water follows protein
what is diffusion? - ANSWER:movement of particles down a concentration gradient, high to low
what is active transport? - ANSWER:movement of particles against concentration gradient, requires
energy
what is third spacing? how can it happen? what can it cause? - ANSWER:-fluid moves where it is not
supposed to be
-cannot be used for anything
-occurs in abdomen (ascites), liver disease, pancreatitis
-area rich in proteins (keeps pulling fluid in)
-have to drain
causes: slow diffusion, compression of blood vessels, slow healing, increased risk of infection, pressure
ulcers
what is thirst triggered by? - ANSWER:-triggered by osmolality of ECF
high osmolality: concentrated
low osmolality: diluted
-decreased circulating blood volume (low BP)
-dry mucous membranes
what is capillary hydrostatic pressure? is it increased at the venous or arteriole end? - ANSWER:outward
force, pushes fluid out of capillary
increased at arteriole end
, what is colloid osmotic pressure? is it higher at the arteriole or venous end? - ANSWER:draws fluid back
into capillaries
increased at venous end
what is interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure? is it higher at the arteriole or venous end? - ANSWER:draws
fluid out of interstitial back into capillaries
increased at venous end
what is interstitial fluid osmotic pressure? is it higher at the arteriole or venous end? - ANSWER:draws
fluid into interstitial out of capillaries
increased at arteriole
what is edema? what are causes of edema? - ANSWER:-excessive fluid in interstitial fluid
-increased arteriole/venous pressure
-increased vascular volume
causes: increased CHP (increased flow in), increased IOP (pull fluid into tissues), blockage of lymph
drainage (can't pull up extra fluid), decreased COP (plasma proteins decreased)
what does an antidiuretic hormone do? when is it released? - ANSWER:hold onto water, decreased urine
output
released: when stroke volume low, high osmolarity
what does aldosterone do? when is it released? - ANSWER:hold on to sodium, so hold on to water
released: low blood pressure (low volume)
What do natriuretic peptides do? when are they released? - ANSWER:atrial (ANP) and brain (BNP):
increase urine output, promote fluid excretion of Na+ and water
released: heart is stretched (too much volume)
what do diuretics do? what are the four kinds and what do each of them do? - ANSWER:-increase
production of urine by kidneys
loop: main diuretic, prevents reabsorption of sodium in loop of Henle (furosemide)
thiazide: prevents reabsorption of sodium
potassium sparring: keeps K+ in blood (spirolactone)
what percentage of our body weight is body water? - ANSWER:60%
what are the functions of body fluid in the body? - ANSWER:lubricant
metabolism
transport
regulates body temperature
what are electrolytes and what does concentration depend on? - ANSWER:-Na+, Cl-, Mg+, Ca+, K+
-electrically charged when in solution
-influenced by fluid intake and output, acid base balance, hormones, cell functions
-concentration depends on intake, absorption, distribution, and excretion
how is water distributed throughout the body? - ANSWER:1) Intracellular:
Two-thirds of water in body
2)Extracellular:
Remaining third is divided into 2 compartments:
-Interstitial fluid (in between cells and organs)
-Plasma
What electrolytes are highest in the intracellular fluid? Extracellular fluid? - ANSWER:ICF: high K+, Mg+,
phosphate
ECF: high Na+, Cl-, bicarbonate ions
what is hydrostatic pressure? is it higher at arteriole or venous end of capillary? when does hydrostatic
pressure increase? - ANSWER:-water pushing pressure
-higher at arteriole end (pushing oxygen and nutrients out of capillary to go to cells)
-increases due to venous obstruction or salt/water retention (due to CHF/kidney failure), edema occurs
what is osmotic pressure? is it higher at arteriole or venous end of capillary? - ANSWER:-water pulling
pressure
-high at venous end (want to pull fluid back into capillary from cells to bring back to heart, and get rid of
waste products)
,what is osmolality? what is the electrolyte involved? - ANSWER:solute concentration in blood, how much
stuff is in fluid
-sodium is main thing influencing osmolarity in blood, highest concentration
-water follows sodium
what is osmosis? - ANSWER:water moving across a semi permeability membrane
moves from low to high concentration
what is colloidal osmotic pressure? what is main thing that influences? - ANSWER:'oncotic pressure"
-pressure from stuff in blood
-increased pressure when increase particles (want to pull fluid in
-albumin is main influence
-increase albumin, increase COP, water follows protein
what is diffusion? - ANSWER:movement of particles down a concentration gradient, high to low
what is active transport? - ANSWER:movement of particles against concentration gradient, requires
energy
what is third spacing? how can it happen? what can it cause? - ANSWER:-fluid moves where it is not
supposed to be
-cannot be used for anything
-occurs in abdomen (ascites), liver disease, pancreatitis
-area rich in proteins (keeps pulling fluid in)
-have to drain
causes: slow diffusion, compression of blood vessels, slow healing, increased risk of infection, pressure
ulcers
what is thirst triggered by? - ANSWER:-triggered by osmolality of ECF
high osmolality: concentrated
low osmolality: diluted
-decreased circulating blood volume (low BP)
-dry mucous membranes
what is capillary hydrostatic pressure? is it increased at the venous or arteriole end? - ANSWER:outward
force, pushes fluid out of capillary
increased at arteriole end
, what is colloid osmotic pressure? is it higher at the arteriole or venous end? - ANSWER:draws fluid back
into capillaries
increased at venous end
what is interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure? is it higher at the arteriole or venous end? - ANSWER:draws
fluid out of interstitial back into capillaries
increased at venous end
what is interstitial fluid osmotic pressure? is it higher at the arteriole or venous end? - ANSWER:draws
fluid into interstitial out of capillaries
increased at arteriole
what is edema? what are causes of edema? - ANSWER:-excessive fluid in interstitial fluid
-increased arteriole/venous pressure
-increased vascular volume
causes: increased CHP (increased flow in), increased IOP (pull fluid into tissues), blockage of lymph
drainage (can't pull up extra fluid), decreased COP (plasma proteins decreased)
what does an antidiuretic hormone do? when is it released? - ANSWER:hold onto water, decreased urine
output
released: when stroke volume low, high osmolarity
what does aldosterone do? when is it released? - ANSWER:hold on to sodium, so hold on to water
released: low blood pressure (low volume)
What do natriuretic peptides do? when are they released? - ANSWER:atrial (ANP) and brain (BNP):
increase urine output, promote fluid excretion of Na+ and water
released: heart is stretched (too much volume)
what do diuretics do? what are the four kinds and what do each of them do? - ANSWER:-increase
production of urine by kidneys
loop: main diuretic, prevents reabsorption of sodium in loop of Henle (furosemide)
thiazide: prevents reabsorption of sodium
potassium sparring: keeps K+ in blood (spirolactone)
