Final Exam: NR 283 Final Exam: NR 283 Final: Questions &
Answers
what is cellular adaptation? - ANSWER:the cells have mechanisms by which they can adapt their growth
and differentiation to altered conditions in the body
what is differentiation? - ANSWER:the cell's specialization or specific job to perform a specific function or
it's ability to metamorphize to a different cell that is needed (undifferentiated cells are bad,
differentiated is good)
what is atrophy? - ANSWER:decrease in the size of individual cells, resulting in a reduced tissue mass
what is hypertrophy? - ANSWER:increase in the size of individual cells, resulting in an enlarged tissue
mass
what is hyperplasia? - ANSWER:increased number of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue mass
what is metaplasia? - ANSWER:when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
what is dysplasia? - ANSWER:apply to tissue in which the cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are
frequently present, and the rate of mitosis is increased (usually precancerous cells)
what is neoplasia? - ANSWER:"new growth", commonly called a tumor. tumor is either malignant
(cancerous) or benign (noncancerous)
where does fluid excess occur? - ANSWER:extracellular compartments
what are the causes of fluid excess? - ANSWER:kidney failure
liver failure
heart failure
increased sodium intake
IV fluids
blood transfusions
where is albumin found and what is the function? - ANSWER:albumin is found in the liver; it keeps fluid
from leaking out of the blood and to carry substances like hormones, enzymes, and vitamins in the body;
regulates fluid movement
what is dyspnea? - ANSWER:shortness of breath
what are the manifestations of fluid excess? - ANSWER:dyspnea
decreased lab values
increased urine output
,high blood pressure
bounding (slow or fast) pulse
jugulr vein distention (JVD)
edema
weight gain
what is edema? - ANSWER:excess fluid in the interstitial compartment that causes swelling
what are the causes of edema? - ANSWER:increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
decreased capillary osmotic pressure
increased capillary permeability
obstruction of the lymphatic circulation
in edema, what does histamine do? - ANSWER:histamine causes vasodilation which is going to allow fluid
to leak into the interstitial space and less fluid to return to the vessel
what are the complications of edema? - ANSWER:restriction in ROM at joints
pain
decreased arterial circulation
skin breakdown or damage
what is fluid deficit? - ANSWER:insufficient body fluid
what are the causes of fluid deficit? - ANSWER:excessive loss
inadequate intake
or combination of both
what are the risk factors of fluid deficit? - ANSWER:vomiting
diarrhea
excessive sweating
insufficient H2O intake
hemorrhage
what are the manifestations of fluid deficit? - ANSWER:dry mucous membranes
decreased skin turgor (tenting)
increased lab value
decreased urine output
,low blood pressure
fast (tachycardia) & weak heart rate
confusion
what is hemoconcentration? - ANSWER:increased concentration of cells and solids in the blood usually
resulting from loss of fluid in the tissues
what is the main electrolyte in the extracellular fluid (ECF)? - ANSWER:sodium
what electrolyte is primarily controlled by the kidneys through aldosterone? - ANSWER:sodium
what is sodium essential for? - ANSWER:nerve impulses
muscle contractions
osmotic pressure
how is sodium excreted? - ANSWER:perspiration (sweat)
urine
feces
what is a low sodium imbalance called? - ANSWER:hyponatremia
what is a high sodium imbalance called? - ANSWER:hypernatremia
what are the causes of hyponatremia? - ANSWER:sodium deficit
excess water
what are the causes of hypernatremia? - ANSWER:loss of water (most common)
excessive intake of sodium
fluid excess is associated with which sodium imbalance? - ANSWER:hyponatremia
fluid deficit is associated with which sodium imbalance? - ANSWER:hypernatremia
what are the risk factors of hyponatremia? - ANSWER:excessive sweating
vomiting
diarrhea
excessive water intake (water intoxication)
what are the risk factors of hypernatremia? - ANSWER:excessive sweating
vomiting
diarrhea
decreased water intake
, what are the manifestations for hyponatremia? - ANSWER:muscle cramps (everywhere)
weakness
fatigue
abdominal cramps
lethargy
confusion
seizures
what are the manifestations of hypernatremia? - ANSWER:signs of fluid deficit
thirst (thirst mechanism kicks in)
headache
agitation
what is the main electrolyte in the intracellular fluid? - ANSWER:potassium
what is potassium essential for? - ANSWER:nerve impulses
muscle contractions
how is potassium excreted? - ANSWER:primarily urine
feces
what electrolyte is associated with heart problems, regardless of high or low levels of imbalance? -
ANSWER:potassium
what organ system regulates potassium? - ANSWER:kidneys
what is a low potassium imbalance called? - ANSWER:hypokalemia
what is a high potassium imbalance called? - ANSWER:hyperkalemia
what are the causes of hypokalemia? - ANSWER:diuretics
inadequate K+ intake
excessive diarrhea
excessive vomiting
excessive NG tube suctioning
what are the causes of hyperkalemia? - ANSWER:renal failure
K+ sparing diuretics
burns/crush injuries
Answers
what is cellular adaptation? - ANSWER:the cells have mechanisms by which they can adapt their growth
and differentiation to altered conditions in the body
what is differentiation? - ANSWER:the cell's specialization or specific job to perform a specific function or
it's ability to metamorphize to a different cell that is needed (undifferentiated cells are bad,
differentiated is good)
what is atrophy? - ANSWER:decrease in the size of individual cells, resulting in a reduced tissue mass
what is hypertrophy? - ANSWER:increase in the size of individual cells, resulting in an enlarged tissue
mass
what is hyperplasia? - ANSWER:increased number of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue mass
what is metaplasia? - ANSWER:when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
what is dysplasia? - ANSWER:apply to tissue in which the cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are
frequently present, and the rate of mitosis is increased (usually precancerous cells)
what is neoplasia? - ANSWER:"new growth", commonly called a tumor. tumor is either malignant
(cancerous) or benign (noncancerous)
where does fluid excess occur? - ANSWER:extracellular compartments
what are the causes of fluid excess? - ANSWER:kidney failure
liver failure
heart failure
increased sodium intake
IV fluids
blood transfusions
where is albumin found and what is the function? - ANSWER:albumin is found in the liver; it keeps fluid
from leaking out of the blood and to carry substances like hormones, enzymes, and vitamins in the body;
regulates fluid movement
what is dyspnea? - ANSWER:shortness of breath
what are the manifestations of fluid excess? - ANSWER:dyspnea
decreased lab values
increased urine output
,high blood pressure
bounding (slow or fast) pulse
jugulr vein distention (JVD)
edema
weight gain
what is edema? - ANSWER:excess fluid in the interstitial compartment that causes swelling
what are the causes of edema? - ANSWER:increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
decreased capillary osmotic pressure
increased capillary permeability
obstruction of the lymphatic circulation
in edema, what does histamine do? - ANSWER:histamine causes vasodilation which is going to allow fluid
to leak into the interstitial space and less fluid to return to the vessel
what are the complications of edema? - ANSWER:restriction in ROM at joints
pain
decreased arterial circulation
skin breakdown or damage
what is fluid deficit? - ANSWER:insufficient body fluid
what are the causes of fluid deficit? - ANSWER:excessive loss
inadequate intake
or combination of both
what are the risk factors of fluid deficit? - ANSWER:vomiting
diarrhea
excessive sweating
insufficient H2O intake
hemorrhage
what are the manifestations of fluid deficit? - ANSWER:dry mucous membranes
decreased skin turgor (tenting)
increased lab value
decreased urine output
,low blood pressure
fast (tachycardia) & weak heart rate
confusion
what is hemoconcentration? - ANSWER:increased concentration of cells and solids in the blood usually
resulting from loss of fluid in the tissues
what is the main electrolyte in the extracellular fluid (ECF)? - ANSWER:sodium
what electrolyte is primarily controlled by the kidneys through aldosterone? - ANSWER:sodium
what is sodium essential for? - ANSWER:nerve impulses
muscle contractions
osmotic pressure
how is sodium excreted? - ANSWER:perspiration (sweat)
urine
feces
what is a low sodium imbalance called? - ANSWER:hyponatremia
what is a high sodium imbalance called? - ANSWER:hypernatremia
what are the causes of hyponatremia? - ANSWER:sodium deficit
excess water
what are the causes of hypernatremia? - ANSWER:loss of water (most common)
excessive intake of sodium
fluid excess is associated with which sodium imbalance? - ANSWER:hyponatremia
fluid deficit is associated with which sodium imbalance? - ANSWER:hypernatremia
what are the risk factors of hyponatremia? - ANSWER:excessive sweating
vomiting
diarrhea
excessive water intake (water intoxication)
what are the risk factors of hypernatremia? - ANSWER:excessive sweating
vomiting
diarrhea
decreased water intake
, what are the manifestations for hyponatremia? - ANSWER:muscle cramps (everywhere)
weakness
fatigue
abdominal cramps
lethargy
confusion
seizures
what are the manifestations of hypernatremia? - ANSWER:signs of fluid deficit
thirst (thirst mechanism kicks in)
headache
agitation
what is the main electrolyte in the intracellular fluid? - ANSWER:potassium
what is potassium essential for? - ANSWER:nerve impulses
muscle contractions
how is potassium excreted? - ANSWER:primarily urine
feces
what electrolyte is associated with heart problems, regardless of high or low levels of imbalance? -
ANSWER:potassium
what organ system regulates potassium? - ANSWER:kidneys
what is a low potassium imbalance called? - ANSWER:hypokalemia
what is a high potassium imbalance called? - ANSWER:hyperkalemia
what are the causes of hypokalemia? - ANSWER:diuretics
inadequate K+ intake
excessive diarrhea
excessive vomiting
excessive NG tube suctioning
what are the causes of hyperkalemia? - ANSWER:renal failure
K+ sparing diuretics
burns/crush injuries
