Anatomy - Stott Pilates Exam Preparation
1. Which muscles oppose each other on the anteriorposterior sides of thefoot?: AnteriorANSW Dorsiflexors
PosteriorANSW Plantar Flexors
2. Which muscles oppose each other on the later and rotary sides of thefoot?ANSW LateralANSW Tibialis
Peroneals
3. What is the function of Tibialis anterior?ANSW dorsiflexing and inverting the foot.
4. What is the function of the peroneas muscles?ANSW Primarily responsible foreversion of the foot. peroneus
longus and brevis plantarflex the foot, while theperoneus tertius dorsiflexes it.
5. What are the opposing anteroposterior muscles of the knee?ANSW The ham-strings, gastrocnemius and the
popliteus oppose the hamstrings.
6. The transverse plane divides the body into and seg-
ments.ANSW Superior and inferior segments of the body
7. The Frontal plane divides the body into and
segments.ANSW Anterior and posterior (front/back) segments.
8. The sagital plane divides the body into and segments-
ANSW Left and right segments
9. Medial is a directional term forANSWANSW Closest to the midline of the body.
10. Lateral is a directional term forANSWANSW Away from the midline of the body
11. Proximal/central means to the trunk or midline of the body.ANSW clos-er
12. Distal/peripheral means from the trunk or midline of the body.ANSW -
away
13. Superior is a directional term forANSWANSW above or towards the head
14. Inferior is a directional term forANSWANSW Below or away from the head
15. Anterior refers toANSW front of the body
16. Posterior refers toANSW back of the body
17. Superficial refers toANSW towards the surface of the skin / outer most layer
18. Deep refers toANSW inside the body (internal)
19. Spinal flexion moves the surfaces of the body
each other.ANSW anterior surfaces of the body towards each other.
20. Spinal extension moves the surfaces of the body
each other.ANSW anterior surfaces of the body away from each other.
21. Lateral spinal flexion moves the spine in which direction?ANSW Side to side
22. Rotational movements happen around which central point?ANSW The axis of thespine.
23. List the 4 actions of the neck (cervical spine)ANSW FlexionExtension
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, Anatomy - Stott Pilates Exam Preparation
Lateral flexion
Rotation
24. Describe the action of shoulder flexion and extension.ANSW Arm reaches upoverhead (vertical flexion)
Arm reaches back behind the body (vertical extension)
25. Describe the actions of shoulder abduction and adduction.ANSW Arm movesaway from the midline (abduction)
Arm moves towards the midline (adduction)
* can also done horizontally as in when client is supine.
26. Describe the actions of internal rotation and external rotation of the shoul-der.ANSW Internal rotation - palm moves
toward the body.
External rotation - palm moves away from the body.
27. Describe the actions of protraction and retraction of the scapula.ANSW protrac-tion - scapular borders moves away
from the midline (the spine)
retraction - scapular boarders moves toward the midline (the spine)
28. List the 6 actions of the scapulaANSW ProtractionRetraction
Elevation Depression
Upward rotation
Downward rotation
29. What muscles are responsible for scapular protraction?ANSW Pectoralis minor,pectoralis major, serratus anterior
30. What muscles are responsible for scapular retraction?ANSW Trapezius, rhom-boids, Latissimus dorsi
31. What muscles are responsible for scapular elevation?ANSW Upper Trapezius,levator scapulae, rhomboids
32. What muscles are responsible for scapular depression?ANSW latissimus dorsi,serratus anterior, pectoralis major
and minor, and the trapezius muscles.
33. What muscles are responsible for scapular upward rotation?ANSW Trapezius andserratus anterior
34. What muscles are responsible for scapular downward rotation?ANSW latissimusdorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids,
and the pectoralis major and minor muscles
35. Name two muscles/muscle groups and their disfunction that may causescapular wingingANSWANSW
tight/shortened pectoralis muscles
Weak serratus anterior
*Any exercise that helps strengthen the serratus can help with scapular winging.
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1. Which muscles oppose each other on the anteriorposterior sides of thefoot?: AnteriorANSW Dorsiflexors
PosteriorANSW Plantar Flexors
2. Which muscles oppose each other on the later and rotary sides of thefoot?ANSW LateralANSW Tibialis
Peroneals
3. What is the function of Tibialis anterior?ANSW dorsiflexing and inverting the foot.
4. What is the function of the peroneas muscles?ANSW Primarily responsible foreversion of the foot. peroneus
longus and brevis plantarflex the foot, while theperoneus tertius dorsiflexes it.
5. What are the opposing anteroposterior muscles of the knee?ANSW The ham-strings, gastrocnemius and the
popliteus oppose the hamstrings.
6. The transverse plane divides the body into and seg-
ments.ANSW Superior and inferior segments of the body
7. The Frontal plane divides the body into and
segments.ANSW Anterior and posterior (front/back) segments.
8. The sagital plane divides the body into and segments-
ANSW Left and right segments
9. Medial is a directional term forANSWANSW Closest to the midline of the body.
10. Lateral is a directional term forANSWANSW Away from the midline of the body
11. Proximal/central means to the trunk or midline of the body.ANSW clos-er
12. Distal/peripheral means from the trunk or midline of the body.ANSW -
away
13. Superior is a directional term forANSWANSW above or towards the head
14. Inferior is a directional term forANSWANSW Below or away from the head
15. Anterior refers toANSW front of the body
16. Posterior refers toANSW back of the body
17. Superficial refers toANSW towards the surface of the skin / outer most layer
18. Deep refers toANSW inside the body (internal)
19. Spinal flexion moves the surfaces of the body
each other.ANSW anterior surfaces of the body towards each other.
20. Spinal extension moves the surfaces of the body
each other.ANSW anterior surfaces of the body away from each other.
21. Lateral spinal flexion moves the spine in which direction?ANSW Side to side
22. Rotational movements happen around which central point?ANSW The axis of thespine.
23. List the 4 actions of the neck (cervical spine)ANSW FlexionExtension
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, Anatomy - Stott Pilates Exam Preparation
Lateral flexion
Rotation
24. Describe the action of shoulder flexion and extension.ANSW Arm reaches upoverhead (vertical flexion)
Arm reaches back behind the body (vertical extension)
25. Describe the actions of shoulder abduction and adduction.ANSW Arm movesaway from the midline (abduction)
Arm moves towards the midline (adduction)
* can also done horizontally as in when client is supine.
26. Describe the actions of internal rotation and external rotation of the shoul-der.ANSW Internal rotation - palm moves
toward the body.
External rotation - palm moves away from the body.
27. Describe the actions of protraction and retraction of the scapula.ANSW protrac-tion - scapular borders moves away
from the midline (the spine)
retraction - scapular boarders moves toward the midline (the spine)
28. List the 6 actions of the scapulaANSW ProtractionRetraction
Elevation Depression
Upward rotation
Downward rotation
29. What muscles are responsible for scapular protraction?ANSW Pectoralis minor,pectoralis major, serratus anterior
30. What muscles are responsible for scapular retraction?ANSW Trapezius, rhom-boids, Latissimus dorsi
31. What muscles are responsible for scapular elevation?ANSW Upper Trapezius,levator scapulae, rhomboids
32. What muscles are responsible for scapular depression?ANSW latissimus dorsi,serratus anterior, pectoralis major
and minor, and the trapezius muscles.
33. What muscles are responsible for scapular upward rotation?ANSW Trapezius andserratus anterior
34. What muscles are responsible for scapular downward rotation?ANSW latissimusdorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids,
and the pectoralis major and minor muscles
35. Name two muscles/muscle groups and their disfunction that may causescapular wingingANSWANSW
tight/shortened pectoralis muscles
Weak serratus anterior
*Any exercise that helps strengthen the serratus can help with scapular winging.
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