NURS 209 Final Exam: Questions& Answers: Updated A+
What are the risk factors for oral cancers? - ANSWER:Age, smoking, alcohol, poor diet, poor oral health,
sun exposure.
What is the age with the highest risk for oral cancers? - ANSWER:Over the age of 60.
What type of diet is a risk factor for oral cancers? - ANSWER:Low in fruits and vegetables.
what is the functional bladder capacity of the bladder in healthy adults? - ANSWER:300-600 mL
what is the bladder muscle called - ANSWER:the detrusor muscle
what nerve innervates the external sphincter - ANSWER:pudendal nerve
What is detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia? - ANSWER:disorders of the brain stem and lesions to the
lumbosacral spinal cord that interfere with the coordination of bladder contraction and urethral
relaxation
what does sympathetic activation result in (in terms of the bladder) - ANSWER:activates b-adrenergic
inhibitory receptors in the detrusor muscle, which relaxes the bladder and inhibits the parasympathetic
nerves from triggering the bladder contractions
what happens to the bladder as you age - ANSWER:reduced bladder capacity (200-300), decreased
bladder sensation, decreased muscle tone in pelvic floor muscles, increased postvoid residual urine
volume, the urethra shortens and its lining becomes thinner in women, detrusor overactivity
Is incontinence a normal part of aging? - ANSWER:nope
what are some conditions that contribute to urinary incont? (just a general list) - ANSWER:UTIs,
menopause, obesity, stool impaction, increased urine production, stroke, volume overload,
hyperglycemia, venous insufficiency, diabetes, congestive heart failure
what are the risk factors for incontinence (TOILETED acronym) - ANSWER:T- thin drym vaginal epithelium
O - obstruction (stool)
I - infection, inflammatory
L - limited mobility
E - environment
T - therapeutic medications
E - endocrine
D - delirium
,what medications increase the chance of incontinence? - ANSWER:diuretics, anticholinergics (cause
urinary retention), narcotics (retention + constipation), antidepressants, calcium channel blockers
(decreases contractility - retention), ARBs, alcohol, caffeine
what are the main types of incontinence - ANSWER:stress, urge, overflow, neurogenic, mixed, functional
which type of UI is most common? - ANSWER:stress
What is stress incontinence? - ANSWER:the involuntary loss of urine on effort or physical exertion
including sporting activities, or on sneezing or coughing
results from failure of the sphincter to preserve closure during bladder filling
What is urge incontinence? - ANSWER:the complaint of involuntary loss of urine associated with urgency
- sudden contraction of the bladder which leads to a strong desire to urinate but is accompanied by an
inability to hold the urine long enough to get to the bathroom
what are some common causes of UUI? - ANSWER:destrusor hyperactivity, stones, tumors, atrophic
vaginitis, stroke, parkinsonism, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, dementia, bladder diverticuli,
atrophic vaginitis
what is overactive bladder - ANSWER:characterized as a sudden and strong urge to urinate that a person
cannot control
wet vs dry OAB - ANSWER:wet OAB - causes urinary incontinence
dry OAB - no incontinence happens
what is mixed incontinence? - ANSWER:complaints of both stress and urgency incontinence
What is overflow incontinence? - ANSWER:a complaint of urinary incontinence in the symptomatic
presence of an excessively full bladder - occurs when there is frequent leakage of urine without feeling
the urge to urinate or the inability to urinate normal amounts
what is neurogenic bladder - ANSWER:nerve signals do not get through to bladder and sphincter muscles
symptoms of BPH - ANSWER:frequent urination, urination hesitancy, nocturia, decreased force of
urination, urgent urination, weak stream, incomplete emptying, straining, intermittency
what evaluations are done to determine if someone has BPH? - ANSWER:IPSS (international prostate
symptom score), urinalysis - less common are pressure flow studies, uroflowmetry
what is PSA? - ANSWER:prostate-specific antigen
what causes elevated PSA? - ANSWER:enlarged prostate, prostatitis, prostate cancer, recent ejaculation,
digital rectal exam, bicycle riding
what level of PSA might prompt a biopsy - ANSWER:greater than 3 ng/ml (until the age of 71)
what are the common symptoms of prostate cancer - ANSWER:weakness/numbness in the legs, sexual
dysfunction, frequent pain, blood in urine, changes in bladder habits
, risk factors for prostate cancer - ANSWER:men over the age of 50, men of African descent, family history,
obesity
what is functional incontinence? - ANSWER:when a person experiences difficulty moving, seeing,
hearing, or speaking that may interfere with their ability to reach the toilet - urinary incont in the
presence of a functional inability to reach the toilet b/c of an impairment
what are the 3 common assessments to diagnose urinary incontinence? - ANSWER:a 3-day voiding diary,
a cough stress test, and postvoid residual urine measurement
what post void residual amount would indicate an issue? - ANSWER:200 mL
describe characteristics of UMNL - ANSWER:- lesion is in the cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord, or
cerebrum
- causes spascticity and rigidity
- hyperreflexia
- cortical sensation loss
- normal nerve conduction, decreased firing rate
- absent abdominal reflexes
describe a LMNL - ANSWER:lesion is in the anterior horn cell, roots, nerves, or muscles
- Causes proximal myopathy and distal neuropathy, hyporeflexia, loss of peripheral sensations
- slow nerve conduction, large motor units
- floppy limbs, no tone, tend to have foot drops
which incont is more likely with an UMNL - ANSWER:urge incontinence
which incont is more likely with LMNL - ANSWER:overflow incontinence
what would a positive babinski reflex indicate - ANSWER:upper motor neuron disease
should absorbent products for incontinence be used for a long time - ANSWER:no, they should only be
used as a coping strategy pending definitive treatment or an adjunct to ongoing therapy
when should catheterization be considered - ANSWER:for women in whom persistent urinary retention
is causing incontinence, infections, or renal dysfunction, and in whom this cannot be corrected, also in
people with a sudden inability to void, for bladder decompression, enlarged prostate gland, prolapse of
pelvic organs, pressure ulcers that are not healing due to incont, irreversible medical conditions are
present
which medications can be used to treat incontinence - ANSWER:anticholinergics (cause smooth muscle
relaxation, helps with UUI), tricyclic antidepressants (UUI), a-adrenergic blockers (OUI)
what are the 7 concepts of pain - ANSWER:- it is an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience
associated with tissue damage
What are the risk factors for oral cancers? - ANSWER:Age, smoking, alcohol, poor diet, poor oral health,
sun exposure.
What is the age with the highest risk for oral cancers? - ANSWER:Over the age of 60.
What type of diet is a risk factor for oral cancers? - ANSWER:Low in fruits and vegetables.
what is the functional bladder capacity of the bladder in healthy adults? - ANSWER:300-600 mL
what is the bladder muscle called - ANSWER:the detrusor muscle
what nerve innervates the external sphincter - ANSWER:pudendal nerve
What is detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia? - ANSWER:disorders of the brain stem and lesions to the
lumbosacral spinal cord that interfere with the coordination of bladder contraction and urethral
relaxation
what does sympathetic activation result in (in terms of the bladder) - ANSWER:activates b-adrenergic
inhibitory receptors in the detrusor muscle, which relaxes the bladder and inhibits the parasympathetic
nerves from triggering the bladder contractions
what happens to the bladder as you age - ANSWER:reduced bladder capacity (200-300), decreased
bladder sensation, decreased muscle tone in pelvic floor muscles, increased postvoid residual urine
volume, the urethra shortens and its lining becomes thinner in women, detrusor overactivity
Is incontinence a normal part of aging? - ANSWER:nope
what are some conditions that contribute to urinary incont? (just a general list) - ANSWER:UTIs,
menopause, obesity, stool impaction, increased urine production, stroke, volume overload,
hyperglycemia, venous insufficiency, diabetes, congestive heart failure
what are the risk factors for incontinence (TOILETED acronym) - ANSWER:T- thin drym vaginal epithelium
O - obstruction (stool)
I - infection, inflammatory
L - limited mobility
E - environment
T - therapeutic medications
E - endocrine
D - delirium
,what medications increase the chance of incontinence? - ANSWER:diuretics, anticholinergics (cause
urinary retention), narcotics (retention + constipation), antidepressants, calcium channel blockers
(decreases contractility - retention), ARBs, alcohol, caffeine
what are the main types of incontinence - ANSWER:stress, urge, overflow, neurogenic, mixed, functional
which type of UI is most common? - ANSWER:stress
What is stress incontinence? - ANSWER:the involuntary loss of urine on effort or physical exertion
including sporting activities, or on sneezing or coughing
results from failure of the sphincter to preserve closure during bladder filling
What is urge incontinence? - ANSWER:the complaint of involuntary loss of urine associated with urgency
- sudden contraction of the bladder which leads to a strong desire to urinate but is accompanied by an
inability to hold the urine long enough to get to the bathroom
what are some common causes of UUI? - ANSWER:destrusor hyperactivity, stones, tumors, atrophic
vaginitis, stroke, parkinsonism, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, dementia, bladder diverticuli,
atrophic vaginitis
what is overactive bladder - ANSWER:characterized as a sudden and strong urge to urinate that a person
cannot control
wet vs dry OAB - ANSWER:wet OAB - causes urinary incontinence
dry OAB - no incontinence happens
what is mixed incontinence? - ANSWER:complaints of both stress and urgency incontinence
What is overflow incontinence? - ANSWER:a complaint of urinary incontinence in the symptomatic
presence of an excessively full bladder - occurs when there is frequent leakage of urine without feeling
the urge to urinate or the inability to urinate normal amounts
what is neurogenic bladder - ANSWER:nerve signals do not get through to bladder and sphincter muscles
symptoms of BPH - ANSWER:frequent urination, urination hesitancy, nocturia, decreased force of
urination, urgent urination, weak stream, incomplete emptying, straining, intermittency
what evaluations are done to determine if someone has BPH? - ANSWER:IPSS (international prostate
symptom score), urinalysis - less common are pressure flow studies, uroflowmetry
what is PSA? - ANSWER:prostate-specific antigen
what causes elevated PSA? - ANSWER:enlarged prostate, prostatitis, prostate cancer, recent ejaculation,
digital rectal exam, bicycle riding
what level of PSA might prompt a biopsy - ANSWER:greater than 3 ng/ml (until the age of 71)
what are the common symptoms of prostate cancer - ANSWER:weakness/numbness in the legs, sexual
dysfunction, frequent pain, blood in urine, changes in bladder habits
, risk factors for prostate cancer - ANSWER:men over the age of 50, men of African descent, family history,
obesity
what is functional incontinence? - ANSWER:when a person experiences difficulty moving, seeing,
hearing, or speaking that may interfere with their ability to reach the toilet - urinary incont in the
presence of a functional inability to reach the toilet b/c of an impairment
what are the 3 common assessments to diagnose urinary incontinence? - ANSWER:a 3-day voiding diary,
a cough stress test, and postvoid residual urine measurement
what post void residual amount would indicate an issue? - ANSWER:200 mL
describe characteristics of UMNL - ANSWER:- lesion is in the cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord, or
cerebrum
- causes spascticity and rigidity
- hyperreflexia
- cortical sensation loss
- normal nerve conduction, decreased firing rate
- absent abdominal reflexes
describe a LMNL - ANSWER:lesion is in the anterior horn cell, roots, nerves, or muscles
- Causes proximal myopathy and distal neuropathy, hyporeflexia, loss of peripheral sensations
- slow nerve conduction, large motor units
- floppy limbs, no tone, tend to have foot drops
which incont is more likely with an UMNL - ANSWER:urge incontinence
which incont is more likely with LMNL - ANSWER:overflow incontinence
what would a positive babinski reflex indicate - ANSWER:upper motor neuron disease
should absorbent products for incontinence be used for a long time - ANSWER:no, they should only be
used as a coping strategy pending definitive treatment or an adjunct to ongoing therapy
when should catheterization be considered - ANSWER:for women in whom persistent urinary retention
is causing incontinence, infections, or renal dysfunction, and in whom this cannot be corrected, also in
people with a sudden inability to void, for bladder decompression, enlarged prostate gland, prolapse of
pelvic organs, pressure ulcers that are not healing due to incont, irreversible medical conditions are
present
which medications can be used to treat incontinence - ANSWER:anticholinergics (cause smooth muscle
relaxation, helps with UUI), tricyclic antidepressants (UUI), a-adrenergic blockers (OUI)
what are the 7 concepts of pain - ANSWER:- it is an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience
associated with tissue damage
