Exam 1 )PSY101 Exam 1: (Straighter line)Questions &
ANSWER:s
Definition of Psychology - ANSWER:science of behavior and mental processes
different types of psychologists - ANSWER:experimental: research, smallest group
teachers: found at colleges and universities, where their assignments typically involve teaching, research,
and publication
applied: tackle human problems, toy or equiptment design, criminal analysis, psychological treatment
difference between psychologist and psychiatrist - ANSWER:psychiatry: hold MD, have specializied
training in the treatment of mental and behavioral problems with drugs, diagnosis and treatment of
mental disorders.
confirmation bias - ANSWER:tendency to attend to evidence that complements and confirms our beliefs
or expectations while ignoring evidence that does not
sociocultural perspective - ANSWER:a main psychological viewpoint emphasizing the importance of
social interaction, social learning, and culture in explaining human behavior.
scientific method - ANSWER:developing a hypothesis, gathering objective data, analyzing the results,
publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results.
what is sensation - ANSWER:the process by which stimulation of a sensory receptor produces neural
impulses that the brain interprets as a sound, visual image, an odor, a taste, a pain, or other sensory
image. Sensation represents the first series of steps in processing of incoming information
what is perception - ANSWER:a process that makes sensory patterns meaningful. It is perception that
makes these words meaningful, rather than just a string of visual patterns. To make this happen,
perception draws heavily on memory, motivation, emotion and other psychological processes
what is a sensory receptor? - ANSWER:part of sense organs that convert incoming stimulus information
into electrochemical signals
definition of absolute threshold - ANSWER:the amount of stimulation necessary for a stimulus to be
detected. this means that the presence or absence of a stimulus is detected correctly half the time over
many trials
How does the eye process stimuli - ANSWER:cones - color, rods - darkness (black and white), seeing
upside down and primary visual cortex
bottom up processing - ANSWER:finding hot pepper in stir fry, bottom refers to stimulus, which occurs at
step one of perceptual processing
top-down processing - ANSWER:finding waldo in the crowd, top refers to a mental set in the brain- which
stands at the top of the perceptual processing system
, laws of perceptual grouping - ANSWER:the gestalt principles of similarity, proximity, continuity, and
common fate, these laws suggest how our brains prefer to group stimulus elements together to form a
percept
law of similarity - ANSWER:we tend to group similar objects together in our perceptions
law of proximity - ANSWER:tend to group objects together when they are near each other
law of continuity - ANSWER:prefer perceptions of connected and continuous figures to disconnected and
disjointed ones
law of common fate - ANSWER:tent group similar objects together that share a comon motion or
destination
law of pragnanz - ANSWER:the simplest organization requiring the lest cognitive effort, wil emerge as the
figure. means pregnant and carries idea of a fully developed figure
vestibular sense - ANSWER:the sense of the body orientation with respect to gravity, the vestibular sense
is closely associated with the inner ear and is carried to the brain on a branch of auditory nerve
kinesthetic sense - ANSWER:sense of body position and movement of body parts relative to each other
what is learning - ANSWER:a lasting change in behavior or mental processes that results from experience
principles of classical conditioning - ANSWER:form of behavioral learning in which a previously neutral
stimulus (bell), acquires the power to elicit the same innate reflex produced by another stimulus
(unconditioned stimulus - food)
principles of operant conditioning - ANSWER:a form of behavioral learning in which the probability of a
response is changed by its consequences - by stimuli that follow the response (have to do something to
get something)
types of reinforcement - ANSWER:continuous - when all correct responses are reinforced, intermittent -
not all correct responses are reinforced, schedule - frequency and timing of reinforcements
types of punishment - ANSWER:positive - application of an aversive stimulus after a response, negative -
removal of an attractive stimulus after response
observational learning - ANSWER:a form of cognitive learning in which new responses are acquired after
watching others' behavior and the consequences of their behavior
which of the following is an example of a fixed-action pattern? - ANSWER:a flock of birds migrating in
winter
what is the basic purpose of learning? - ANSWER:to adapt to changing circumstances
how have psychologist traditionally studied learning? - ANSWER:in laboratories with nonhuman animals
as participants
in his work, Pavlov found that a metronome cold produce salivation in dogs because - ANSWER:it
signaled that food would arrive
ANSWER:s
Definition of Psychology - ANSWER:science of behavior and mental processes
different types of psychologists - ANSWER:experimental: research, smallest group
teachers: found at colleges and universities, where their assignments typically involve teaching, research,
and publication
applied: tackle human problems, toy or equiptment design, criminal analysis, psychological treatment
difference between psychologist and psychiatrist - ANSWER:psychiatry: hold MD, have specializied
training in the treatment of mental and behavioral problems with drugs, diagnosis and treatment of
mental disorders.
confirmation bias - ANSWER:tendency to attend to evidence that complements and confirms our beliefs
or expectations while ignoring evidence that does not
sociocultural perspective - ANSWER:a main psychological viewpoint emphasizing the importance of
social interaction, social learning, and culture in explaining human behavior.
scientific method - ANSWER:developing a hypothesis, gathering objective data, analyzing the results,
publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results.
what is sensation - ANSWER:the process by which stimulation of a sensory receptor produces neural
impulses that the brain interprets as a sound, visual image, an odor, a taste, a pain, or other sensory
image. Sensation represents the first series of steps in processing of incoming information
what is perception - ANSWER:a process that makes sensory patterns meaningful. It is perception that
makes these words meaningful, rather than just a string of visual patterns. To make this happen,
perception draws heavily on memory, motivation, emotion and other psychological processes
what is a sensory receptor? - ANSWER:part of sense organs that convert incoming stimulus information
into electrochemical signals
definition of absolute threshold - ANSWER:the amount of stimulation necessary for a stimulus to be
detected. this means that the presence or absence of a stimulus is detected correctly half the time over
many trials
How does the eye process stimuli - ANSWER:cones - color, rods - darkness (black and white), seeing
upside down and primary visual cortex
bottom up processing - ANSWER:finding hot pepper in stir fry, bottom refers to stimulus, which occurs at
step one of perceptual processing
top-down processing - ANSWER:finding waldo in the crowd, top refers to a mental set in the brain- which
stands at the top of the perceptual processing system
, laws of perceptual grouping - ANSWER:the gestalt principles of similarity, proximity, continuity, and
common fate, these laws suggest how our brains prefer to group stimulus elements together to form a
percept
law of similarity - ANSWER:we tend to group similar objects together in our perceptions
law of proximity - ANSWER:tend to group objects together when they are near each other
law of continuity - ANSWER:prefer perceptions of connected and continuous figures to disconnected and
disjointed ones
law of common fate - ANSWER:tent group similar objects together that share a comon motion or
destination
law of pragnanz - ANSWER:the simplest organization requiring the lest cognitive effort, wil emerge as the
figure. means pregnant and carries idea of a fully developed figure
vestibular sense - ANSWER:the sense of the body orientation with respect to gravity, the vestibular sense
is closely associated with the inner ear and is carried to the brain on a branch of auditory nerve
kinesthetic sense - ANSWER:sense of body position and movement of body parts relative to each other
what is learning - ANSWER:a lasting change in behavior or mental processes that results from experience
principles of classical conditioning - ANSWER:form of behavioral learning in which a previously neutral
stimulus (bell), acquires the power to elicit the same innate reflex produced by another stimulus
(unconditioned stimulus - food)
principles of operant conditioning - ANSWER:a form of behavioral learning in which the probability of a
response is changed by its consequences - by stimuli that follow the response (have to do something to
get something)
types of reinforcement - ANSWER:continuous - when all correct responses are reinforced, intermittent -
not all correct responses are reinforced, schedule - frequency and timing of reinforcements
types of punishment - ANSWER:positive - application of an aversive stimulus after a response, negative -
removal of an attractive stimulus after response
observational learning - ANSWER:a form of cognitive learning in which new responses are acquired after
watching others' behavior and the consequences of their behavior
which of the following is an example of a fixed-action pattern? - ANSWER:a flock of birds migrating in
winter
what is the basic purpose of learning? - ANSWER:to adapt to changing circumstances
how have psychologist traditionally studied learning? - ANSWER:in laboratories with nonhuman animals
as participants
in his work, Pavlov found that a metronome cold produce salivation in dogs because - ANSWER:it
signaled that food would arrive
