HONDROS HESI REAL EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS ||
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1. Phospholipids are made of - ANSWER ✔ 2 fatty acid molecules linked to
one glycerol molecule
2. Bilayers - ANSWER ✔ When phospholipids are added to water, they self-
assemble into double-layered structures called ___, that shield their
hydrophobic regions
3. Hydrophobic, hydrophilic - ANSWER ✔ In a phospholipid, the two fatty
acid tails are ____________, but the phosphate group and its attachments
form a ___________ head.
4. Cell membranes are made of - ANSWER ✔ phospholipid bilayer which
allow cells to mix with aqueous solutions outside and inside while forming a
protective barrier and a semi permeable membrane around the cell
5. Steroids - ANSWER ✔ lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting
of four fused rings
6. Cholesterol - ANSWER ✔ a common type of steroid found in animal cell
membranes
7. Cell signaling - ANSWER ✔ The process of cell-to-cell communication
mediated by signaling molecules and membrane receptors
,8. Cell signaling - ANSWER ✔ Steroids are mixed in between the
phospholipid bilayer and help maintain the structure of the membrane and
aids in cell signaling
9. Proteins are made up of - ANSWER ✔ 20 amino acids
10. Protein functions - ANSWER ✔ structural support, storage, transport,
cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances
11. True or false: amino acids are linked by peptide bonds, while polymers of
amino acids are called polypeptides, these polypeptides either individually
or in linked combination with each other fold up forming coils of
biologically function molecules called proteins. - ANSWER ✔true
12. Four levels of protein structure - ANSWER ✔ primary, secondary, tertiary,
quaternary
13. Polynucleotide - ANSWER ✔ Nucleic acids can also be called
__________- because they are made up of chains of monomers called
nucleotides.
14. Nucleotide structure - ANSWER ✔ 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group,
nitrogenous base
15. Two types of nucleic acids - ANSWER ✔ deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
16. False: RNA does as well - ANSWER ✔ True or False: only DNA enables
living organisms to pass on their genetic information and complex
components to subsequent generations.
17. DNA - ANSWER ✔ made up of two strands of nucleotides double coiled
together in a double-helix structure
18. RNA - ANSWER ✔ single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar
ribose and folds onto itself
,19. Metabolism - ANSWER ✔ All of the chemical reactions that occur within
an organism (includes the synthesizing or breaking down of substances)
20. Synthesize - ANSWER ✔ Combine to form a more complex product
21. Metabolic pathway - ANSWER ✔ Begins with a specific molecule and ends
with a specific product after going through a series of reactions involving
enzymes at each step (progressing form a standpoint of high energy to low
energy)
22. Enzymes are - ANSWER ✔ special proteins that aide and help speed up
metabolic reactions and pathways.
23. Catabolic pathways - ANSWER ✔ Metabolic pathways that release energy
by breaking down complex molecules into simpler molecules.
24. Anabolic pathways - ANSWER ✔ Metabolic pathways that consume
energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones.
25. First law of thermodynamics - ANSWER ✔ Energy can be transferred and
transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. ( therefore the energy in a
cell released by catabolic pathways is used up in anabolic pathways)
26. Metabolic pathways are classified as - ANSWER ✔ exerogonic reactions or
endergonic reactions
27. Exergonic reaction - ANSWER ✔ A spontaneous chemical reaction in
which there is a net release of free energy.
28. Endergonic reaction - ANSWER ✔ Reaction that absorbs free energy from
its surroundings.
29. Free energy - ANSWER ✔ energy that is available to do work
30. Equilibrium - ANSWER ✔ when a system no longer has free energy to do
work
, 31. Energy coupling - ANSWER ✔ In cellular metabolism, the use of energy
released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction.
32. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - ANSWER ✔ energy-carrying biological
molecule, which, when broken down, drives cellular activities( releases the
energy used in endergonic and anabolic pathways)
33. Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) - ANSWER ✔ A high-energy compound
occurring in all cells from which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is formed.
ADP - ANSWER ✔ ATP breaks down into ______, a seperate phosphate group,
releasing energy in an exergonic reaction. As atp is used up by its reaction it is also
regenerated by having a new phospate group added onto the ADP products within
the cell in an endergonic reaction
cell - ANSWER ✔ The basic unit of structure and function in living things
bacteria - ANSWER ✔ prokaryotic cells include_______ while eykaryotic cells
include animal and plant cells
selectively permeable - ANSWER ✔ a property of cell membranes that allows
some substances to pass through, while others cannot
ribosomes - ANSWER ✔ both prokaryotic and eukaryptic cells contain_______
which are complexes that make protein inside the cell and DNA
nucleoid - ANSWER ✔ In eukaryotic cells DNA is found in the enclosed
membrane nucleus, in prokaryotic cells, DNA is found in the ___________ a area
that is not membrane enclosed
Nucleus consists of: - ANSWER ✔ nuclear envelope, nucleolus and chromatin
nuclear envelope - ANSWER ✔ Double membrane perforated with pores that
control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus.
Nucleolous (nuclear structure) - ANSWER ✔ Found in the nucleus, synthesizes
rRNA and combines it with protein to form ribosomes
WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS!!
<LATEST VERSION>
1. Phospholipids are made of - ANSWER ✔ 2 fatty acid molecules linked to
one glycerol molecule
2. Bilayers - ANSWER ✔ When phospholipids are added to water, they self-
assemble into double-layered structures called ___, that shield their
hydrophobic regions
3. Hydrophobic, hydrophilic - ANSWER ✔ In a phospholipid, the two fatty
acid tails are ____________, but the phosphate group and its attachments
form a ___________ head.
4. Cell membranes are made of - ANSWER ✔ phospholipid bilayer which
allow cells to mix with aqueous solutions outside and inside while forming a
protective barrier and a semi permeable membrane around the cell
5. Steroids - ANSWER ✔ lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting
of four fused rings
6. Cholesterol - ANSWER ✔ a common type of steroid found in animal cell
membranes
7. Cell signaling - ANSWER ✔ The process of cell-to-cell communication
mediated by signaling molecules and membrane receptors
,8. Cell signaling - ANSWER ✔ Steroids are mixed in between the
phospholipid bilayer and help maintain the structure of the membrane and
aids in cell signaling
9. Proteins are made up of - ANSWER ✔ 20 amino acids
10. Protein functions - ANSWER ✔ structural support, storage, transport,
cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances
11. True or false: amino acids are linked by peptide bonds, while polymers of
amino acids are called polypeptides, these polypeptides either individually
or in linked combination with each other fold up forming coils of
biologically function molecules called proteins. - ANSWER ✔true
12. Four levels of protein structure - ANSWER ✔ primary, secondary, tertiary,
quaternary
13. Polynucleotide - ANSWER ✔ Nucleic acids can also be called
__________- because they are made up of chains of monomers called
nucleotides.
14. Nucleotide structure - ANSWER ✔ 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group,
nitrogenous base
15. Two types of nucleic acids - ANSWER ✔ deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
16. False: RNA does as well - ANSWER ✔ True or False: only DNA enables
living organisms to pass on their genetic information and complex
components to subsequent generations.
17. DNA - ANSWER ✔ made up of two strands of nucleotides double coiled
together in a double-helix structure
18. RNA - ANSWER ✔ single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar
ribose and folds onto itself
,19. Metabolism - ANSWER ✔ All of the chemical reactions that occur within
an organism (includes the synthesizing or breaking down of substances)
20. Synthesize - ANSWER ✔ Combine to form a more complex product
21. Metabolic pathway - ANSWER ✔ Begins with a specific molecule and ends
with a specific product after going through a series of reactions involving
enzymes at each step (progressing form a standpoint of high energy to low
energy)
22. Enzymes are - ANSWER ✔ special proteins that aide and help speed up
metabolic reactions and pathways.
23. Catabolic pathways - ANSWER ✔ Metabolic pathways that release energy
by breaking down complex molecules into simpler molecules.
24. Anabolic pathways - ANSWER ✔ Metabolic pathways that consume
energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones.
25. First law of thermodynamics - ANSWER ✔ Energy can be transferred and
transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. ( therefore the energy in a
cell released by catabolic pathways is used up in anabolic pathways)
26. Metabolic pathways are classified as - ANSWER ✔ exerogonic reactions or
endergonic reactions
27. Exergonic reaction - ANSWER ✔ A spontaneous chemical reaction in
which there is a net release of free energy.
28. Endergonic reaction - ANSWER ✔ Reaction that absorbs free energy from
its surroundings.
29. Free energy - ANSWER ✔ energy that is available to do work
30. Equilibrium - ANSWER ✔ when a system no longer has free energy to do
work
, 31. Energy coupling - ANSWER ✔ In cellular metabolism, the use of energy
released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction.
32. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - ANSWER ✔ energy-carrying biological
molecule, which, when broken down, drives cellular activities( releases the
energy used in endergonic and anabolic pathways)
33. Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) - ANSWER ✔ A high-energy compound
occurring in all cells from which adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is formed.
ADP - ANSWER ✔ ATP breaks down into ______, a seperate phosphate group,
releasing energy in an exergonic reaction. As atp is used up by its reaction it is also
regenerated by having a new phospate group added onto the ADP products within
the cell in an endergonic reaction
cell - ANSWER ✔ The basic unit of structure and function in living things
bacteria - ANSWER ✔ prokaryotic cells include_______ while eykaryotic cells
include animal and plant cells
selectively permeable - ANSWER ✔ a property of cell membranes that allows
some substances to pass through, while others cannot
ribosomes - ANSWER ✔ both prokaryotic and eukaryptic cells contain_______
which are complexes that make protein inside the cell and DNA
nucleoid - ANSWER ✔ In eukaryotic cells DNA is found in the enclosed
membrane nucleus, in prokaryotic cells, DNA is found in the ___________ a area
that is not membrane enclosed
Nucleus consists of: - ANSWER ✔ nuclear envelope, nucleolus and chromatin
nuclear envelope - ANSWER ✔ Double membrane perforated with pores that
control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus.
Nucleolous (nuclear structure) - ANSWER ✔ Found in the nucleus, synthesizes
rRNA and combines it with protein to form ribosomes
