NR507||NR507 EXAM QUESTION
WITH ANSWERS IN ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM
BEST FOR 2024/2025 GRADED A+
CHAMBERLAIN
Primary immunodeficiency (CORRECT ANSWER)-less common and
occur in result of single gene defects (defect on the development of the
immune system)
-this could involve antibody deficiencies, B- and T- cell deficiencies,
defects in the phagocytic cells and deficiency of complement
-something is lacking with the immune system
Ex: B-lymphocyte deficiency is one of the most common forms of
primary immunodeficiency
Examples of primary immunodeficiency (CORRECT ANSWER)-
Chronic Granulomatous Disease of Childhood
-DiGeorge Syndrome
-Familial Mediterranean fever
-Job Syndrome
-Common Variable Immunodeficiency
,Secondary Immunodeficiency (CORRECT ANSWER)-conditions
where the immune system becomes compromised because of a
complication of some other physiological condition or disease
-can be caused by cancer, effect from a drug (chemotherapeutic agents
that suppress immune system), and infections that compromise the
immune system
Ex: Patient with HIV gets pneumocystis carinii
What is is a predominant cause of secondary immune deficiencies
worldwide? (CORRECT ANSWER)-malnutrition
Examples of secondary immunodeficiency (CORRECT ANSWER)-
Pneumocystis Carinii
-HIV
-PNA
-Sinus infection
-Lung cancer
Hypersensitivity Type I (CORRECT ANSWER)- allergic reaction
-mediated by IgE
-mast cells are the primary effector cells involved
-inflammation due to mast cell degranulation
,Hypersensitivity Type I symptoms (CORRECT ANSWER)Local:
itching, rash
Systemic: wheezing
Hypersensitivity Type I example (CORRECT ANSWER)Most
dangerous form: anaphylactic reaction -> systemic response ->
hypertension -> severe bronchoconstriction
Treatment: epinephrine reverses the effects
Hypersensitivity Type II (CORRECT ANSWER)-cytotoxic reaction
-tissue/organ specific
-macrophages are primary effector cells involved
-can cause tissue damage or alter function
Mechanism: Tissue-specific destruction or impairment because of:
1. Antibody binding followed by lysis via complement
2. Antibody binding followed by macrophage phagocytosis
3. Antibody binding followed by neutrophil destruction
4. Antibody-dependent cell (NK)-mediated cytotoxicity
5. Antireceptor antibodies
Hypersensitivity Type II examples (CORRECT ANSWER)1. Grave's
disease (hyperthyroidism): altering thyroid function, but does not
destroy thyroid tissue
, 2. Incompatible blood type (ABO incompatibility): cell/tissue damage
occurs
-severe transfusion reaction -> transfused erythrocytes destroyed by
agglutination or complement-mediated lysis
3. Drug allergies
4. Hemolytic anemia
Graves disease (CORRECT ANSWER)-Autoantibodies specific for
thyroid tissue impair receptor for TSH
ABO incompatibility (CORRECT ANSWER)-Complement damages
RBC membrane and cells lyse
Hypersensitivity Type III (CORRECT ANSWER)-NOT organ specific
-antibody binds to soluble antigen outside the cell surface that was
released into the blood of body fluids -> complex is then deposited in
the tissues
-organ rejection involved cytotoxicity
-antigens from target cells stimulate T-cells to differentiate into cytotoxic
T-cells
-neutrophils are the primary effector cells
WITH ANSWERS IN ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM
BEST FOR 2024/2025 GRADED A+
CHAMBERLAIN
Primary immunodeficiency (CORRECT ANSWER)-less common and
occur in result of single gene defects (defect on the development of the
immune system)
-this could involve antibody deficiencies, B- and T- cell deficiencies,
defects in the phagocytic cells and deficiency of complement
-something is lacking with the immune system
Ex: B-lymphocyte deficiency is one of the most common forms of
primary immunodeficiency
Examples of primary immunodeficiency (CORRECT ANSWER)-
Chronic Granulomatous Disease of Childhood
-DiGeorge Syndrome
-Familial Mediterranean fever
-Job Syndrome
-Common Variable Immunodeficiency
,Secondary Immunodeficiency (CORRECT ANSWER)-conditions
where the immune system becomes compromised because of a
complication of some other physiological condition or disease
-can be caused by cancer, effect from a drug (chemotherapeutic agents
that suppress immune system), and infections that compromise the
immune system
Ex: Patient with HIV gets pneumocystis carinii
What is is a predominant cause of secondary immune deficiencies
worldwide? (CORRECT ANSWER)-malnutrition
Examples of secondary immunodeficiency (CORRECT ANSWER)-
Pneumocystis Carinii
-HIV
-PNA
-Sinus infection
-Lung cancer
Hypersensitivity Type I (CORRECT ANSWER)- allergic reaction
-mediated by IgE
-mast cells are the primary effector cells involved
-inflammation due to mast cell degranulation
,Hypersensitivity Type I symptoms (CORRECT ANSWER)Local:
itching, rash
Systemic: wheezing
Hypersensitivity Type I example (CORRECT ANSWER)Most
dangerous form: anaphylactic reaction -> systemic response ->
hypertension -> severe bronchoconstriction
Treatment: epinephrine reverses the effects
Hypersensitivity Type II (CORRECT ANSWER)-cytotoxic reaction
-tissue/organ specific
-macrophages are primary effector cells involved
-can cause tissue damage or alter function
Mechanism: Tissue-specific destruction or impairment because of:
1. Antibody binding followed by lysis via complement
2. Antibody binding followed by macrophage phagocytosis
3. Antibody binding followed by neutrophil destruction
4. Antibody-dependent cell (NK)-mediated cytotoxicity
5. Antireceptor antibodies
Hypersensitivity Type II examples (CORRECT ANSWER)1. Grave's
disease (hyperthyroidism): altering thyroid function, but does not
destroy thyroid tissue
, 2. Incompatible blood type (ABO incompatibility): cell/tissue damage
occurs
-severe transfusion reaction -> transfused erythrocytes destroyed by
agglutination or complement-mediated lysis
3. Drug allergies
4. Hemolytic anemia
Graves disease (CORRECT ANSWER)-Autoantibodies specific for
thyroid tissue impair receptor for TSH
ABO incompatibility (CORRECT ANSWER)-Complement damages
RBC membrane and cells lyse
Hypersensitivity Type III (CORRECT ANSWER)-NOT organ specific
-antibody binds to soluble antigen outside the cell surface that was
released into the blood of body fluids -> complex is then deposited in
the tissues
-organ rejection involved cytotoxicity
-antigens from target cells stimulate T-cells to differentiate into cytotoxic
T-cells
-neutrophils are the primary effector cells
