UVM ANPS 20 EXAM LATEST 2024-2025 WITH
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
2 main components blood can be fractioned into - plasma and cell fraction
blood plasma - -approx. 46-63% of blood volume- ~91% of plasma is water (varies
based on hydration)
formed elements fraction - red and white blood cells, also platelets
hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis - blood cell formation
erythrocytes - red blood cells; account for slightly less than half the blood volume
(45%),and 99.9% of formed elements
hematocrit - measures the % of whole blood occupied by formed elements
-commonly referred to as the VOLUME OF PACKED RED CELLS
Erythropoietin (EPO) - erythropoeisis stimulating hormone; blood doping strategies
Hemoglobin - accounts for 95% of proteins in RBCs
Recycling of hemoglobin -
-Heme stripped of iron and converted to biliverdin, thenbilirubin
-Globin protein fraction broken down into amino acids
-Iron recycled by being stored in phagocytes
Jaundice - Caused by failure of liver to keep up with RBC breakdown--> bilirubin
diffuses out of blood into tissues all over body, causing a yellow tint. Readily apparent
insclera and skin
Anemia - decrease in oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
iron deficiency - hemoglobin not functional without the iron
hemorrhagic - from hemorrhage or severe blood loss; fewer RBC
anaplastic - bone marrow fails to produce enough RBC (radiation, immunologic
diseases)
sickle-cell anemia - caused by mutation of the amino acid sequence of hemoglobin
-RBC is a stiffened, curved shape- gets stuck in capillaries
, White blood cells - defend body against pathogens, some capable of phagocytosis,
remove toxins/wastes/damaged cells, capable of amoeboid movement and positive
chemotaxis
diapedesis - white blood cells leaving bloodstream in response to chemical signals by
squeezing through vessel wall
Neutrophil (WBC) - granulocyte; multilobed nucleus, pale red and blue cytoplasmic
granules {50-70% total WBC population, 1st response to injury}
-myeloid stem cell
Eosinophil (WBC) - granulocyte; bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules
{attracted to foreign components that have reacted with Ab's}
-myeloid stem cell
Basophil (WBC) - granulocyte; bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules
{migrate to damaged tissue and release histamine & heparin}
-myeloid stem cell
Lymphocyte (WBC) - Agranulocyte; large spherical nucleus, thin rim of pale blue
cytoplasm {immune system cells}
-lymphoid stem cell
Monocyte (WBC) - Agranulocyte; kidney-shaped nucleus, abundant pale blue
cytoplasm {leaves circulation to become macrophages}
-lymphoid stem cell
Complete Blood Count (CBC) -
-one of the most common clinical tests performed; measures:
-hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations
-platelet count
-WBC count
>high neutrophil counts indicative of bacterial infections
>high eosinophil counts indicative of allergy/parasitic infections
myeloid leukemia - abnormal granulocytes or other cells of marrow
lymphoid leukemia - abnormal lymphocytes
Exercise results in skeletal muscles compressing veins which encourages blood to
return to the heart. In this scenario, which of the following is correct? - preload
increases
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
2 main components blood can be fractioned into - plasma and cell fraction
blood plasma - -approx. 46-63% of blood volume- ~91% of plasma is water (varies
based on hydration)
formed elements fraction - red and white blood cells, also platelets
hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis - blood cell formation
erythrocytes - red blood cells; account for slightly less than half the blood volume
(45%),and 99.9% of formed elements
hematocrit - measures the % of whole blood occupied by formed elements
-commonly referred to as the VOLUME OF PACKED RED CELLS
Erythropoietin (EPO) - erythropoeisis stimulating hormone; blood doping strategies
Hemoglobin - accounts for 95% of proteins in RBCs
Recycling of hemoglobin -
-Heme stripped of iron and converted to biliverdin, thenbilirubin
-Globin protein fraction broken down into amino acids
-Iron recycled by being stored in phagocytes
Jaundice - Caused by failure of liver to keep up with RBC breakdown--> bilirubin
diffuses out of blood into tissues all over body, causing a yellow tint. Readily apparent
insclera and skin
Anemia - decrease in oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
iron deficiency - hemoglobin not functional without the iron
hemorrhagic - from hemorrhage or severe blood loss; fewer RBC
anaplastic - bone marrow fails to produce enough RBC (radiation, immunologic
diseases)
sickle-cell anemia - caused by mutation of the amino acid sequence of hemoglobin
-RBC is a stiffened, curved shape- gets stuck in capillaries
, White blood cells - defend body against pathogens, some capable of phagocytosis,
remove toxins/wastes/damaged cells, capable of amoeboid movement and positive
chemotaxis
diapedesis - white blood cells leaving bloodstream in response to chemical signals by
squeezing through vessel wall
Neutrophil (WBC) - granulocyte; multilobed nucleus, pale red and blue cytoplasmic
granules {50-70% total WBC population, 1st response to injury}
-myeloid stem cell
Eosinophil (WBC) - granulocyte; bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules
{attracted to foreign components that have reacted with Ab's}
-myeloid stem cell
Basophil (WBC) - granulocyte; bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules
{migrate to damaged tissue and release histamine & heparin}
-myeloid stem cell
Lymphocyte (WBC) - Agranulocyte; large spherical nucleus, thin rim of pale blue
cytoplasm {immune system cells}
-lymphoid stem cell
Monocyte (WBC) - Agranulocyte; kidney-shaped nucleus, abundant pale blue
cytoplasm {leaves circulation to become macrophages}
-lymphoid stem cell
Complete Blood Count (CBC) -
-one of the most common clinical tests performed; measures:
-hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations
-platelet count
-WBC count
>high neutrophil counts indicative of bacterial infections
>high eosinophil counts indicative of allergy/parasitic infections
myeloid leukemia - abnormal granulocytes or other cells of marrow
lymphoid leukemia - abnormal lymphocytes
Exercise results in skeletal muscles compressing veins which encourages blood to
return to the heart. In this scenario, which of the following is correct? - preload
increases
