AQA PSYCHOLOGY A-LEVEL PAPER 2
EXAM,PREMIUM UPDATE 2024-2025|BRAND
NEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS,ALL GRADED A+|GUARANTEED
SUCCESS|LATEST UPDATE 2024-2025
Wilhelm Wundt - ANSWER✅✅- First Psychologist
- First Lab in Germany
- Experimental Conditions
- Structuralism and Introspection
Introspection - ANSWER✅✅Person Gains knowledge about their mental state by
examining their conscious thoughts and feelings
Empiricism - ANSWER✅✅Knowledge is derived from sensory experience,
characterised by the use of the scientific method
Scientific Method - ANSWER✅✅The investigative methods that are:
- Objective
- Systematic
- Reliable
, Evaluation of Wundt - ANSWER✅✅- methods were unreliable as it relied on non-
observable
- Introspection is not accurate because people are often unaware of are behaviours
Evaluation of the Scientific Approach - ANSWER✅✅- its objective and systematic
- Rely on determinism
- Self corrective
- Create non-naturalistic environments
- Human behaviour is not always observable to the rules of science
Classical Conditioning - ANSWER✅✅Pavlov - When a neutral stimulus is
consistently paired with an unconditional stimulus so that it takes on the properties
on the stimulus and is able to produced a conditioned response
Classical Conditioning steps - ANSWER✅✅UCS -> UCR
NS -> No Response
UCS+NS -> UCR
CS -> CR
Features of CC - ANSWER✅✅- If time interval is too great between conditioning it
does not work
- CR will become extinct in the absence of the UCS after a while
- If extinct and paired again they pair more quickly (Spontaneous Recovery)
- Stimulus generalisation, CR is created to things similar to CS
Operant Conditioning - ANSWER✅✅Skinner - Learning through reinforcement or
punishment, a behaviour is more likely if followed by a desirable concequence
Positive Reinforcement - ANSWER✅✅Behaviour Produces a response that is
desirable
Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER✅✅Doing something to stop unpleasant
response
Reinforcement - ANSWER✅✅Strengthening a response
Punishment - ANSWER✅✅An unpleasant consequence following a behaviour
Features of Classical Conditioning - ANSWER✅✅- Scheduling reinforcement makes
it stronger
- Punishment
Evaluation of Classical Conditioning - ANSWER✅✅- Applications in treatment of
phobias
,- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans because they have different
needs to learn
Evaluation of Operant Conditioning - ANSWER✅✅- Use of experimental method
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans
Modelling - ANSWER✅✅Individuals learn behaviour be observing others
Imitation - ANSWER✅✅Copying a models behaviour
Identification - ANSWER✅✅Individual adopts attitudes and behaviours of a model
because they want to be like them
Vicarious Reinforcement - ANSWER✅✅Individuals learn about the likely
consequences by observing a model's experiences and adjust their behaviour to
obtain the same experience
The Role of the meditational Processes - ANSWER✅✅Observer forms a mental
representation pf the behaviour displayed of the model and the probable
consequences it will also happen to them
Evaluation of Social Learning Theory - ANSWER✅✅- Applications in human
behaviour
- research support (Bandura)
- Problems with causality, it may not be observing but rather people already have
this a try to find people similar
- Approach disregards other potential influences like gender
Bandura Procedures - ANSWER✅✅Children were exposed to aggressive or non
aggressive models interacting with a bobo doll
Bandura Findings - ANSWER✅✅Children who had aggressive models were
aggressive to the doll
Children who had non-aggressive models were not aggressive to the doll
Cognitive - ANSWER✅✅Refers to mental processes such as perception, memory
and reasoning
Schema - ANSWER✅✅A cognitive framework that helps us organise and interpret
information
Why are Schemas useful? - ANSWER✅✅They help us make sense of new
information by filling in gaps
Theoretical Models - ANSWER✅✅Pictorial representations of cognitive processes
based on research evidence
, Computer Model - ANSWER✅✅Computer analogy of input process storage output
to represent the human cognitive
Cognitive Neuroscience - ANSWER✅✅non-invasive imaging techniques such as PET
and fMRI scans to help psychologists understand how the brain works
PET - ANSWER✅✅Positron emission tomography
fMRI - ANSWER✅✅Functional Magnetic Resonance imaging
Evaluation of the Cognitive Approach - ANSWER✅✅- Applications in social
cognition, dysfunctional behaviour
- Scientific
- Computer models are to simplistic for a human mind, and at the same time suggest
that we never forget or never make mistakes
- ignores emotion and motivation (tells us how not why)
- Lack ecological validity
Biological Approach - ANSWER✅✅Views humans as biological organisms and
provides biological explanations for all psychological functioning
Genes - ANSWER✅✅A part of the chromosome that carries genetic information
Genotype - ANSWER✅✅The genetic make-up of an individual
Phenotype - ANSWER✅✅The observable characteristics of an individual
Evolution - ANSWER✅✅Change is genetic make-up of a population over time
NeuroChemistry - ANSWER✅✅How chemical and neural processes associate with
the nervous system
Nervous System - ANSWER✅✅Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) and
the Peripheral Nervous System (somatic and autonomous systems)
carries impulses around the body
The Brain - ANSWER✅✅Co-ordinates the functioning of the body
Frontal Lobes - ANSWER✅✅Functions like speech, though and learning
Parietal Lobes - ANSWER✅✅Processes sensory information like touch, temperature
and pain
Occipital lobes - ANSWER✅✅Processes visual information
EXAM,PREMIUM UPDATE 2024-2025|BRAND
NEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS,ALL GRADED A+|GUARANTEED
SUCCESS|LATEST UPDATE 2024-2025
Wilhelm Wundt - ANSWER✅✅- First Psychologist
- First Lab in Germany
- Experimental Conditions
- Structuralism and Introspection
Introspection - ANSWER✅✅Person Gains knowledge about their mental state by
examining their conscious thoughts and feelings
Empiricism - ANSWER✅✅Knowledge is derived from sensory experience,
characterised by the use of the scientific method
Scientific Method - ANSWER✅✅The investigative methods that are:
- Objective
- Systematic
- Reliable
, Evaluation of Wundt - ANSWER✅✅- methods were unreliable as it relied on non-
observable
- Introspection is not accurate because people are often unaware of are behaviours
Evaluation of the Scientific Approach - ANSWER✅✅- its objective and systematic
- Rely on determinism
- Self corrective
- Create non-naturalistic environments
- Human behaviour is not always observable to the rules of science
Classical Conditioning - ANSWER✅✅Pavlov - When a neutral stimulus is
consistently paired with an unconditional stimulus so that it takes on the properties
on the stimulus and is able to produced a conditioned response
Classical Conditioning steps - ANSWER✅✅UCS -> UCR
NS -> No Response
UCS+NS -> UCR
CS -> CR
Features of CC - ANSWER✅✅- If time interval is too great between conditioning it
does not work
- CR will become extinct in the absence of the UCS after a while
- If extinct and paired again they pair more quickly (Spontaneous Recovery)
- Stimulus generalisation, CR is created to things similar to CS
Operant Conditioning - ANSWER✅✅Skinner - Learning through reinforcement or
punishment, a behaviour is more likely if followed by a desirable concequence
Positive Reinforcement - ANSWER✅✅Behaviour Produces a response that is
desirable
Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER✅✅Doing something to stop unpleasant
response
Reinforcement - ANSWER✅✅Strengthening a response
Punishment - ANSWER✅✅An unpleasant consequence following a behaviour
Features of Classical Conditioning - ANSWER✅✅- Scheduling reinforcement makes
it stronger
- Punishment
Evaluation of Classical Conditioning - ANSWER✅✅- Applications in treatment of
phobias
,- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans because they have different
needs to learn
Evaluation of Operant Conditioning - ANSWER✅✅- Use of experimental method
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans
Modelling - ANSWER✅✅Individuals learn behaviour be observing others
Imitation - ANSWER✅✅Copying a models behaviour
Identification - ANSWER✅✅Individual adopts attitudes and behaviours of a model
because they want to be like them
Vicarious Reinforcement - ANSWER✅✅Individuals learn about the likely
consequences by observing a model's experiences and adjust their behaviour to
obtain the same experience
The Role of the meditational Processes - ANSWER✅✅Observer forms a mental
representation pf the behaviour displayed of the model and the probable
consequences it will also happen to them
Evaluation of Social Learning Theory - ANSWER✅✅- Applications in human
behaviour
- research support (Bandura)
- Problems with causality, it may not be observing but rather people already have
this a try to find people similar
- Approach disregards other potential influences like gender
Bandura Procedures - ANSWER✅✅Children were exposed to aggressive or non
aggressive models interacting with a bobo doll
Bandura Findings - ANSWER✅✅Children who had aggressive models were
aggressive to the doll
Children who had non-aggressive models were not aggressive to the doll
Cognitive - ANSWER✅✅Refers to mental processes such as perception, memory
and reasoning
Schema - ANSWER✅✅A cognitive framework that helps us organise and interpret
information
Why are Schemas useful? - ANSWER✅✅They help us make sense of new
information by filling in gaps
Theoretical Models - ANSWER✅✅Pictorial representations of cognitive processes
based on research evidence
, Computer Model - ANSWER✅✅Computer analogy of input process storage output
to represent the human cognitive
Cognitive Neuroscience - ANSWER✅✅non-invasive imaging techniques such as PET
and fMRI scans to help psychologists understand how the brain works
PET - ANSWER✅✅Positron emission tomography
fMRI - ANSWER✅✅Functional Magnetic Resonance imaging
Evaluation of the Cognitive Approach - ANSWER✅✅- Applications in social
cognition, dysfunctional behaviour
- Scientific
- Computer models are to simplistic for a human mind, and at the same time suggest
that we never forget or never make mistakes
- ignores emotion and motivation (tells us how not why)
- Lack ecological validity
Biological Approach - ANSWER✅✅Views humans as biological organisms and
provides biological explanations for all psychological functioning
Genes - ANSWER✅✅A part of the chromosome that carries genetic information
Genotype - ANSWER✅✅The genetic make-up of an individual
Phenotype - ANSWER✅✅The observable characteristics of an individual
Evolution - ANSWER✅✅Change is genetic make-up of a population over time
NeuroChemistry - ANSWER✅✅How chemical and neural processes associate with
the nervous system
Nervous System - ANSWER✅✅Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) and
the Peripheral Nervous System (somatic and autonomous systems)
carries impulses around the body
The Brain - ANSWER✅✅Co-ordinates the functioning of the body
Frontal Lobes - ANSWER✅✅Functions like speech, though and learning
Parietal Lobes - ANSWER✅✅Processes sensory information like touch, temperature
and pain
Occipital lobes - ANSWER✅✅Processes visual information
