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Chapter 1: Introduction
● Briefly describe unifying themes that characterize the biological sciences.
○ Organization
● New properties emerge from each level of the hierarchy
○ Correlation between function and form
● Analyzing structure gives us clues about what it does and how it works
○ Vice versa; Knowing the function of something provides insight into
its structure and organization
■ Cell
● The smallest unit of organization that can perform all
activities required for life
● Use information encoded in a gene to synthesize a
functional protein
● Each cells has a different set of genes to meet their
needed function
● Every cell in inclosed by a membrane that regulates
passage of materials between the cell and its
environment
● Bacteria are prokaryotic, other forms of life are
eukaryotic
● Cell Theory
○ All living organisms are made from cells
○ Information
■ Life’s processes involve the expression and transmission of genetic information
● DNA
○ Gene expression
■ A product from DNA
■ 2 strands of nucleotides wound in a double helix
● A, T, C, G nucleotides
■ DNA is copied by mRNA is a process called transcription
● U, G, C, A (no T)
■ The mRNa is translated/ protein synthesis into a
sequence of amino acids
■ After the amino acids are all sequenced or linked, a protein
is created
○ Within cells, structures called chromosome contain genetic material
in the form of DNA
■ DNA is heritable info
○ Each chromosome is made up of one long DNA molecule
connected by genes
○ Chromosome
■ A combination of DNA and protein
, ● Chromatin
○ Makes up Chromosomes
○ Energy and Matter
■ Life requires the transfer of transformation of Energy and Matter
● Energy from the sun is transformed by producers and passed to
consumers
○ Energy comes in as light, leaves as heat
● Chemical cycles within an ecosystem are recycled
○ Interactions
■ Feedback Regulation
● The output or product of a process
○ A series of chemical reactions
● The most common form of feedback is
● Negative feedback
○ A series of reactions to where the end product reduces the initial
stimulus
■ Uses enzymes
● Enzymes
○ A substance produced by a living organism
which acts as catalyst to bring about a
specific biomedical reaction
■ All feedback is used for homeostasis
■ Negative feedback reverses a change in a system, positive
feedback keeps the change going
● Positive feedback
○ the end product speeds of the production
■ Ex. Labor
■ Ecosystem
● An organism's interactions between others and the physical environment
● Interactions can be beneficial or harmful
● Humans have caused changes in climate, wind, precipitation, droughts,
and storms
● As habitats deteriorate, plants and animals shift their ranges to more
suitable conditions
○ Evolution
■ Accounts for the unity and diversity of life
■ The concept that all living organisms are modified descendants of common
ancestors
■ All living things utilize DNA, plasma membrane, and ribosomes
● Ribosomes
○ Macromolecule machines responsible for protein synthesis
■ Each species are named with a genus and a specific name
● Diagram the hierarchy of structural levels in biological organization.
, ○
■ Hierarchy of Organization
■ Starts from Atoms, going from 10 to one
● Explain how the properties of life emerge from complex organization.
○ DNA is the universal genetic language common for all organisms
○ Unity is evident in the similar skeletons of similar organisms
● Describe the two major dynamic processes of an ecosystem.
○ The cycling of nutrients and the flow of energy from producer to consumers
○
● Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
○ Prokaryotic
■ No nucleus or membrane
■ Bacteria and Archaea
○ Eukaryotic
■ With nucleus
■ Membrane inclosed organelles
■ Plants and animals
● Distinguish among the three domains of life and the three kingdoms of multicellular,
eukaryotic life.
, ○ Bacteria
■ Prokaryotes
■ Most diverse and widespread
○ Archaea
■ Prokaryotes
■ Extreme Environments
○ Eukarya
■ Kingdom Plantae
● Plants
● Eukaryotes
● Terrestrial multicellular that do photosynthesis
■ K Fungi
● Absorb nutrients from outside their bodies
■ K Animalia
● Multicellular and ingest other organisms
● Eukaryotes
■ Protists
● Mostly unicellular
● Simplest eukaryotes
● eukaryotes
● Explain how science and technology are interdependent
○ The goal of technology is to apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose
■ Ex. The discovery of DNA by James watson and Francis Crick allowed for the
testing of hereditary diseases
● Cell-from-Cell Hypothesis
○ All cells are produced when preexisted cells grow and divide
● Spontaneous generation hypothesis
○ Cells can spontaneously come to life from nonliving things
● Taxonomy
○ Domains
○ Kingdoms
○ Phylum
○ Class
○ Order
○ Family
○ Genus
○ Species
■ “King Phillip Came over for Good Sex”
■ Most to least inclusive
● Ex. Humans
● Eukarya
● Animalia
● Chordate
● Veterbrata
● Primates
Chapter 1: Introduction
● Briefly describe unifying themes that characterize the biological sciences.
○ Organization
● New properties emerge from each level of the hierarchy
○ Correlation between function and form
● Analyzing structure gives us clues about what it does and how it works
○ Vice versa; Knowing the function of something provides insight into
its structure and organization
■ Cell
● The smallest unit of organization that can perform all
activities required for life
● Use information encoded in a gene to synthesize a
functional protein
● Each cells has a different set of genes to meet their
needed function
● Every cell in inclosed by a membrane that regulates
passage of materials between the cell and its
environment
● Bacteria are prokaryotic, other forms of life are
eukaryotic
● Cell Theory
○ All living organisms are made from cells
○ Information
■ Life’s processes involve the expression and transmission of genetic information
● DNA
○ Gene expression
■ A product from DNA
■ 2 strands of nucleotides wound in a double helix
● A, T, C, G nucleotides
■ DNA is copied by mRNA is a process called transcription
● U, G, C, A (no T)
■ The mRNa is translated/ protein synthesis into a
sequence of amino acids
■ After the amino acids are all sequenced or linked, a protein
is created
○ Within cells, structures called chromosome contain genetic material
in the form of DNA
■ DNA is heritable info
○ Each chromosome is made up of one long DNA molecule
connected by genes
○ Chromosome
■ A combination of DNA and protein
, ● Chromatin
○ Makes up Chromosomes
○ Energy and Matter
■ Life requires the transfer of transformation of Energy and Matter
● Energy from the sun is transformed by producers and passed to
consumers
○ Energy comes in as light, leaves as heat
● Chemical cycles within an ecosystem are recycled
○ Interactions
■ Feedback Regulation
● The output or product of a process
○ A series of chemical reactions
● The most common form of feedback is
● Negative feedback
○ A series of reactions to where the end product reduces the initial
stimulus
■ Uses enzymes
● Enzymes
○ A substance produced by a living organism
which acts as catalyst to bring about a
specific biomedical reaction
■ All feedback is used for homeostasis
■ Negative feedback reverses a change in a system, positive
feedback keeps the change going
● Positive feedback
○ the end product speeds of the production
■ Ex. Labor
■ Ecosystem
● An organism's interactions between others and the physical environment
● Interactions can be beneficial or harmful
● Humans have caused changes in climate, wind, precipitation, droughts,
and storms
● As habitats deteriorate, plants and animals shift their ranges to more
suitable conditions
○ Evolution
■ Accounts for the unity and diversity of life
■ The concept that all living organisms are modified descendants of common
ancestors
■ All living things utilize DNA, plasma membrane, and ribosomes
● Ribosomes
○ Macromolecule machines responsible for protein synthesis
■ Each species are named with a genus and a specific name
● Diagram the hierarchy of structural levels in biological organization.
, ○
■ Hierarchy of Organization
■ Starts from Atoms, going from 10 to one
● Explain how the properties of life emerge from complex organization.
○ DNA is the universal genetic language common for all organisms
○ Unity is evident in the similar skeletons of similar organisms
● Describe the two major dynamic processes of an ecosystem.
○ The cycling of nutrients and the flow of energy from producer to consumers
○
● Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
○ Prokaryotic
■ No nucleus or membrane
■ Bacteria and Archaea
○ Eukaryotic
■ With nucleus
■ Membrane inclosed organelles
■ Plants and animals
● Distinguish among the three domains of life and the three kingdoms of multicellular,
eukaryotic life.
, ○ Bacteria
■ Prokaryotes
■ Most diverse and widespread
○ Archaea
■ Prokaryotes
■ Extreme Environments
○ Eukarya
■ Kingdom Plantae
● Plants
● Eukaryotes
● Terrestrial multicellular that do photosynthesis
■ K Fungi
● Absorb nutrients from outside their bodies
■ K Animalia
● Multicellular and ingest other organisms
● Eukaryotes
■ Protists
● Mostly unicellular
● Simplest eukaryotes
● eukaryotes
● Explain how science and technology are interdependent
○ The goal of technology is to apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose
■ Ex. The discovery of DNA by James watson and Francis Crick allowed for the
testing of hereditary diseases
● Cell-from-Cell Hypothesis
○ All cells are produced when preexisted cells grow and divide
● Spontaneous generation hypothesis
○ Cells can spontaneously come to life from nonliving things
● Taxonomy
○ Domains
○ Kingdoms
○ Phylum
○ Class
○ Order
○ Family
○ Genus
○ Species
■ “King Phillip Came over for Good Sex”
■ Most to least inclusive
● Ex. Humans
● Eukarya
● Animalia
● Chordate
● Veterbrata
● Primates
