Pathophysiology 7e Jacquelyn Banasik Test Bank | All chapters 1 – 54
Chapter 01: Introduction to Pathophysiology
Banasik: Pathophysiology, 7th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently
developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of
102.3°F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He
complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Test Bank
Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.’s disease is
a. a sore throat.
b. streptococcal infection.
c. genetic susceptibility.
d. pharyngitis.
ANS: B
Etiology refers to the proposed cause or causes of a particular disease process. A sore throat is the
manifestation of the disease process. Genetic susceptibility refers to inherited tendency to develop a disease.
Pharyngitis refers to inflammation of the throat and is also a clinical manifestation of the disease process.
2. A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is
an example of
a. primary prevention.
b. secondary prevention.
c. tertiary prevention.
d. disease treatment.
ANS: A
Primary prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible
individuals, in this case by providing vaccination. Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and
management of the disease. Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to
alleviate disability and restore effective functioning. Disease treatment involves management of the disease
once it has developed.
3. An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This
is an example of
a. primary prevention.
b. secondary prevention.
c. tertiary prevention.
d. disease treatment.
ANS: B
Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease such as prescribing
diet and exercise for an individual who has already developed obesity. Primary prevention is prevention of
disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Tertiary prevention
includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective
functioning. Disease treatment involves management of the disease once it has developed.
4. A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an
example of
a. primary prevention.
b. secondary prevention.
c. tertiary prevention.
d. disease treatment.
ANS: B
1
, Pathophysiology 7e Jacquelyn Banasik Test Bank | All chapters 1 – 54
Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease, such as by
prescribing sodium restriction for high blood pressure. Primary prevention is prevention of disease by
altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Tertiary prevention includes
rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning.
Disease treatment involves management of the disease once it has developed.
5. After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication.
This is an example of
a. primary prevention.
b. secondary prevention.
c. tertiary prevention.
d. disease treatment.
ANS: C
Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore
effective functioning such as prescribing a cholesterol-lowering medication following a heart attack. Primary
prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible
individuals. Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease. Disease
treatment involves management of the disease once it has developed.
6. A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease.
This stage of illness is called the _____ stage.
a. prodromal
b. latent
c. sequela
d. convalescence
ANS: B
Incubation refers to the interval between exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and the first appearance of
signs and symptoms. In infectious diseases, this period is often called the incubation (latent) period.
Prodromal refers to the appearance of the first signs and symptoms indicating the onset of a disease. These
are often nonspecific, such as headache, malaise, anorexia, and nausea, which are associated with a number
of different diseases. Sequela refers to subsequent pathologic condition resulting from a disease.
Convalescence is the stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical operation.
7. A disease that is native to a particular region is called
a. epidemic.
b. endemic.
c. pandemic.
d. ethnographic.
ANS: B
A disease that is native to a particular region is called endemic. An epidemic is a disease that spreads to
many individuals at the same time. Pandemics are epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps
spreading worldwide. Ethnographic does not describe a disease distribution pattern.
8. In general, with aging, organ size and function
a. increase.
b. decrease.
c. remain the same.
d. are unknown.
ANS: B
In general, with aging, organ size and function decrease.
9. The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is
referred to as
2
, Pathophysiology 7e Jacquelyn Banasik Test Bank | All chapters 1 – 54
a. latent.
b. subclinical.
c. prodromal.
d. convalescence.
ANS: B
The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is
called the subclinical stage. The interval between exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and the first
appearance of signs and symptoms may be called a latent period or, in the case of infectious diseases, an
incubation period. The prodromal period, or prodrome, refers to the appearance of the first signs and
symptoms indicating the onset of a disease. Convalescence is the stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or
surgical operation.
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. Your patient’s red blood cell count is slightly elevated today. This might be explained by (Select all that
apply.)
a. gender difference.
b. situational factors.
c. normal variation.
d. cultural variation.
e. illness.
ANS: A, B, C, E
Gender, situations (e.g., altitude), normal variations, and illness may all determine red blood cell count.
Culture affects how manifestations are perceived (normal versus abnormal).
2. Socioeconomic factors influence disease development because of (Select all that apply.)
a. genetics.
b. environmental toxins.
c. overcrowding.
d. nutrition.
e. hygiene.
ANS: B, C, D, E
Socioeconomic factors influence disease development via exposure to environmental toxins (occupational)
and overcrowding, nutrition (over- or undernutrition), and hygiene (e.g., in developing countries). Genetics is
not influenced by socioeconomic factors.
3. When determining additional data to gather before making a diagnosis, what factors need to be considered?
(Select all that apply.)
a. Reliability
b. Expense
c. Validity
d. Generalizability
e. Repetition
ANS: A, C
Two considerations one must use when choosing additional data to gather include the reliability and validity
of the tests being weighed. Reliability, or precision, is the ability of a test to give the same result in repeated
measurements. Validity, or accuracy, is the degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of the
object it is intended to measure. Expense, generalizability, and repetition are not characteristics that are
typically considered.
4. Which of the following statements are accurate when considering diagnostic testing for an individual with a
possible medical condition? (Select all that apply.)
3
, Pathophysiology 7e Jacquelyn Banasik Test Bank | All chapters 1 – 54
a. The more often a patient has a test, the more accurate the average result is.
b. Sensitivity is the chance the test will be positive if the hypothesized disease is present.
c. Testing is generally not accurate during the prodromal stage to make a diagnosis.
d. Specificity shows that a test will be negative if the person does not have the disease.
e. Reliability demonstrates a test is accurate under a number of different conditions.
ANS: B, D
Sensitivity is the probability that the test will be positive when applied to a person with the condition.
Specificity is the probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person who does not have a given
condition. Test results are usually not aggregated and averaged. A disease process is well established during
the prodromal phase of illness, so some diagnostic testing would indicate its presence. Reliability, or
precision, is the ability of a test to give the same result in repeated measurements.
Chapter 02: Homeostasis, Allostasis, and Adaptive Responses to Stressors
Banasik: Pathophysiology, 7th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except
a. tachycardia.
b. diaphoresis.
c. increased peripheral resistance.
d. pupil constriction.
ANS: D
Pupils dilate during stress from the effects of catecholamines. Tachycardia, diaphoresis, and increased
peripheral resistance are indicators of stress and also occur because of catecholamine release.
2. Which is not normally secreted in response to stress?
a. Norepinephrine
b. Cortisol
c. Epinephrine
d. Insulin
ANS: D
Insulin secretion is impaired during stress to promote energy from increased blood glucose. Norepinephrine
is secreted during stress as a mediator of stress and adaptation. Cortisol is secreted during stress as a
mediator of stress and adaptation and stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver to supply the body with
glucose. Epinephrine is secreted during stress as a mediator of stress and adaptation and increases
glycogenolysis and the release of glucose from the liver.
3. Selye’s three phases of the stress response include all the following except
a. allostasis.
b. resistance.
c. alarm.
d. exhaustion.
ANS: A
Allostasis is defined as the ability to successfully adapt to challenges. Allostasis may/may not occur in
response to stress. Alarm, resistance (or adaptation), and exhaustion are the three phases of the stress
response as described by Selye in the general adaptation syndrome.
4. Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are
mediated by
a. norepinephrine.
b. cortisol.
c. glucagon.
4
Chapter 01: Introduction to Pathophysiology
Banasik: Pathophysiology, 7th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently
developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of
102.3°F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He
complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Test Bank
Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.’s disease is
a. a sore throat.
b. streptococcal infection.
c. genetic susceptibility.
d. pharyngitis.
ANS: B
Etiology refers to the proposed cause or causes of a particular disease process. A sore throat is the
manifestation of the disease process. Genetic susceptibility refers to inherited tendency to develop a disease.
Pharyngitis refers to inflammation of the throat and is also a clinical manifestation of the disease process.
2. A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is
an example of
a. primary prevention.
b. secondary prevention.
c. tertiary prevention.
d. disease treatment.
ANS: A
Primary prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible
individuals, in this case by providing vaccination. Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and
management of the disease. Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to
alleviate disability and restore effective functioning. Disease treatment involves management of the disease
once it has developed.
3. An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This
is an example of
a. primary prevention.
b. secondary prevention.
c. tertiary prevention.
d. disease treatment.
ANS: B
Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease such as prescribing
diet and exercise for an individual who has already developed obesity. Primary prevention is prevention of
disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Tertiary prevention
includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective
functioning. Disease treatment involves management of the disease once it has developed.
4. A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an
example of
a. primary prevention.
b. secondary prevention.
c. tertiary prevention.
d. disease treatment.
ANS: B
1
, Pathophysiology 7e Jacquelyn Banasik Test Bank | All chapters 1 – 54
Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease, such as by
prescribing sodium restriction for high blood pressure. Primary prevention is prevention of disease by
altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. Tertiary prevention includes
rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning.
Disease treatment involves management of the disease once it has developed.
5. After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication.
This is an example of
a. primary prevention.
b. secondary prevention.
c. tertiary prevention.
d. disease treatment.
ANS: C
Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore
effective functioning such as prescribing a cholesterol-lowering medication following a heart attack. Primary
prevention is prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible
individuals. Secondary prevention is the early detection, screening, and management of the disease. Disease
treatment involves management of the disease once it has developed.
6. A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease.
This stage of illness is called the _____ stage.
a. prodromal
b. latent
c. sequela
d. convalescence
ANS: B
Incubation refers to the interval between exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and the first appearance of
signs and symptoms. In infectious diseases, this period is often called the incubation (latent) period.
Prodromal refers to the appearance of the first signs and symptoms indicating the onset of a disease. These
are often nonspecific, such as headache, malaise, anorexia, and nausea, which are associated with a number
of different diseases. Sequela refers to subsequent pathologic condition resulting from a disease.
Convalescence is the stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical operation.
7. A disease that is native to a particular region is called
a. epidemic.
b. endemic.
c. pandemic.
d. ethnographic.
ANS: B
A disease that is native to a particular region is called endemic. An epidemic is a disease that spreads to
many individuals at the same time. Pandemics are epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps
spreading worldwide. Ethnographic does not describe a disease distribution pattern.
8. In general, with aging, organ size and function
a. increase.
b. decrease.
c. remain the same.
d. are unknown.
ANS: B
In general, with aging, organ size and function decrease.
9. The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is
referred to as
2
, Pathophysiology 7e Jacquelyn Banasik Test Bank | All chapters 1 – 54
a. latent.
b. subclinical.
c. prodromal.
d. convalescence.
ANS: B
The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is
called the subclinical stage. The interval between exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and the first
appearance of signs and symptoms may be called a latent period or, in the case of infectious diseases, an
incubation period. The prodromal period, or prodrome, refers to the appearance of the first signs and
symptoms indicating the onset of a disease. Convalescence is the stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or
surgical operation.
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. Your patient’s red blood cell count is slightly elevated today. This might be explained by (Select all that
apply.)
a. gender difference.
b. situational factors.
c. normal variation.
d. cultural variation.
e. illness.
ANS: A, B, C, E
Gender, situations (e.g., altitude), normal variations, and illness may all determine red blood cell count.
Culture affects how manifestations are perceived (normal versus abnormal).
2. Socioeconomic factors influence disease development because of (Select all that apply.)
a. genetics.
b. environmental toxins.
c. overcrowding.
d. nutrition.
e. hygiene.
ANS: B, C, D, E
Socioeconomic factors influence disease development via exposure to environmental toxins (occupational)
and overcrowding, nutrition (over- or undernutrition), and hygiene (e.g., in developing countries). Genetics is
not influenced by socioeconomic factors.
3. When determining additional data to gather before making a diagnosis, what factors need to be considered?
(Select all that apply.)
a. Reliability
b. Expense
c. Validity
d. Generalizability
e. Repetition
ANS: A, C
Two considerations one must use when choosing additional data to gather include the reliability and validity
of the tests being weighed. Reliability, or precision, is the ability of a test to give the same result in repeated
measurements. Validity, or accuracy, is the degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of the
object it is intended to measure. Expense, generalizability, and repetition are not characteristics that are
typically considered.
4. Which of the following statements are accurate when considering diagnostic testing for an individual with a
possible medical condition? (Select all that apply.)
3
, Pathophysiology 7e Jacquelyn Banasik Test Bank | All chapters 1 – 54
a. The more often a patient has a test, the more accurate the average result is.
b. Sensitivity is the chance the test will be positive if the hypothesized disease is present.
c. Testing is generally not accurate during the prodromal stage to make a diagnosis.
d. Specificity shows that a test will be negative if the person does not have the disease.
e. Reliability demonstrates a test is accurate under a number of different conditions.
ANS: B, D
Sensitivity is the probability that the test will be positive when applied to a person with the condition.
Specificity is the probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person who does not have a given
condition. Test results are usually not aggregated and averaged. A disease process is well established during
the prodromal phase of illness, so some diagnostic testing would indicate its presence. Reliability, or
precision, is the ability of a test to give the same result in repeated measurements.
Chapter 02: Homeostasis, Allostasis, and Adaptive Responses to Stressors
Banasik: Pathophysiology, 7th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except
a. tachycardia.
b. diaphoresis.
c. increased peripheral resistance.
d. pupil constriction.
ANS: D
Pupils dilate during stress from the effects of catecholamines. Tachycardia, diaphoresis, and increased
peripheral resistance are indicators of stress and also occur because of catecholamine release.
2. Which is not normally secreted in response to stress?
a. Norepinephrine
b. Cortisol
c. Epinephrine
d. Insulin
ANS: D
Insulin secretion is impaired during stress to promote energy from increased blood glucose. Norepinephrine
is secreted during stress as a mediator of stress and adaptation. Cortisol is secreted during stress as a
mediator of stress and adaptation and stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver to supply the body with
glucose. Epinephrine is secreted during stress as a mediator of stress and adaptation and increases
glycogenolysis and the release of glucose from the liver.
3. Selye’s three phases of the stress response include all the following except
a. allostasis.
b. resistance.
c. alarm.
d. exhaustion.
ANS: A
Allostasis is defined as the ability to successfully adapt to challenges. Allostasis may/may not occur in
response to stress. Alarm, resistance (or adaptation), and exhaustion are the three phases of the stress
response as described by Selye in the general adaptation syndrome.
4. Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are
mediated by
a. norepinephrine.
b. cortisol.
c. glucagon.
4
