inter mitochondria membrane - ANSWER transport and oxidative
phosphorylation occur here
oxidative proton pumps - ANSWER hydrogen ion gradient created by
catabolic pathways - ANSWER usually oxidative, usually release energy
anabolic pathways - ANSWER synthetic, usually involve reduction, use of
energy
gamma and beta phosphates - ANSWER terminal phosphates of ATP, release
high amounts of energy upon hydrolysis
adipose tissue - ANSWER storehouse for fat in the form of triacylglycerols
glucokinase - ANSWER enzyme used to replace hexokinase in glycolysis
when performed in the liver
insulin - ANSWER allows glucose into the liver
substrate level phosphorylation - ANSWER a process in which a phosphate
residue is directly transferred from an organic phosphorylated intermediate to
ADP to make ATP
oxidative phosphorylation - ANSWER uses the downhill transport of high
energy electrons to form a proton gradient
highest negative delta G (in hydrolysis) - ANSWER phosphoenolpyruvate
liver - ANSWER accumulated lactate is released from muscle cells into the
blood and is carried here where it is converted back into glucose
ethanol fermentation and lactate fermentation net yield - ANSWER 2 ATP (no
NADH)
, three essentially irreversible rxns in glycolysis - ANSWER glucose to glucose-
6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate,
phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
ATP utilization of gluconeogenesis - ANSWER 6 ATP equivalents
Cori Cycle - ANSWER physiological process that occurs when glucose is
converted to lactate during intense exercise, and when lactate is converted back
to glucose during the recovery period
regulation of bypass sites - ANSWER most stringent regulation, regulation
focused here because distinct enzymes allow for regulating one direction and
not the other, involves allosteric control, also subject to negative feedback
energy charge formula - ANSWER 1/2 ((2ATP + ADP)/(ATP + ADP +
AMP))
glycogen - ANSWER major carbohydrate storage compund, 90% alpha-1,4
linked backbone, 10% alpha-1,6 linked branches
glycogen degradation - ANSWER phosphorylase cannot attack glucose units
that are near to 1,6-branch points, so a transferase enzyme and an alpha-1,6-
glycosidase enzyme convert the 1,6-branches into additional linear 1,4-linked
glucose units
only redox rxn in glycolysis - ANSWER glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate
hormones - ANSWER organic compounds synthesized in one tissue and
transported through blood to another
epinephrine cascade - ANSWER -series of reactions that result in the
activation of phosphorylase a
-stimulates an enzyme cascade which results in the inactivation of glycogen
synthase
cyclic AMP - ANSWER second messenger derived from ATP
phosphorylation occur here
oxidative proton pumps - ANSWER hydrogen ion gradient created by
catabolic pathways - ANSWER usually oxidative, usually release energy
anabolic pathways - ANSWER synthetic, usually involve reduction, use of
energy
gamma and beta phosphates - ANSWER terminal phosphates of ATP, release
high amounts of energy upon hydrolysis
adipose tissue - ANSWER storehouse for fat in the form of triacylglycerols
glucokinase - ANSWER enzyme used to replace hexokinase in glycolysis
when performed in the liver
insulin - ANSWER allows glucose into the liver
substrate level phosphorylation - ANSWER a process in which a phosphate
residue is directly transferred from an organic phosphorylated intermediate to
ADP to make ATP
oxidative phosphorylation - ANSWER uses the downhill transport of high
energy electrons to form a proton gradient
highest negative delta G (in hydrolysis) - ANSWER phosphoenolpyruvate
liver - ANSWER accumulated lactate is released from muscle cells into the
blood and is carried here where it is converted back into glucose
ethanol fermentation and lactate fermentation net yield - ANSWER 2 ATP (no
NADH)
, three essentially irreversible rxns in glycolysis - ANSWER glucose to glucose-
6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate,
phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
ATP utilization of gluconeogenesis - ANSWER 6 ATP equivalents
Cori Cycle - ANSWER physiological process that occurs when glucose is
converted to lactate during intense exercise, and when lactate is converted back
to glucose during the recovery period
regulation of bypass sites - ANSWER most stringent regulation, regulation
focused here because distinct enzymes allow for regulating one direction and
not the other, involves allosteric control, also subject to negative feedback
energy charge formula - ANSWER 1/2 ((2ATP + ADP)/(ATP + ADP +
AMP))
glycogen - ANSWER major carbohydrate storage compund, 90% alpha-1,4
linked backbone, 10% alpha-1,6 linked branches
glycogen degradation - ANSWER phosphorylase cannot attack glucose units
that are near to 1,6-branch points, so a transferase enzyme and an alpha-1,6-
glycosidase enzyme convert the 1,6-branches into additional linear 1,4-linked
glucose units
only redox rxn in glycolysis - ANSWER glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate
hormones - ANSWER organic compounds synthesized in one tissue and
transported through blood to another
epinephrine cascade - ANSWER -series of reactions that result in the
activation of phosphorylase a
-stimulates an enzyme cascade which results in the inactivation of glycogen
synthase
cyclic AMP - ANSWER second messenger derived from ATP
