Aldehyde - ANSWER CHO
ketone - ANSWER R-C=O-R
carbonyl - ANSWER C=O
monosaccharide - ANSWER simple sugar molecule
general formula (CH2O)n
oligosaccharide - ANSWER 2-10 monomers
sugars linked by glycosidic bonds
polysaccharide - ANSWER formed when many monosaccharides are bonded
together
aldose - ANSWER a monosaccharide containing an aldehyde group
ketose - ANSWER a monosaccharide that contains a ketone group
triose - ANSWER The simplest monosaccharide that contains 3 carbon atoms
oxidized - ANSWER loses electrons (mostly double bonds, bonded to oxygen)
reduced - ANSWER gains electrons (mostly single bonds, and no oxygen
bonds)
hemiacetal - ANSWER Compound that is formed by the reaction of an
aldehyde with an alcohol
hemiketal - ANSWER Compound that is formed by the reaction of a ketone
with an alcohol
, anomeric carbon - ANSWER the new chiral center formed in ring closure; it
was the carbon containing the carbonyl in the straight-chain form --> becomes
sp3 hybridized
nucleophile - ANSWER a chemical species that donates an electron pair to an
electrophile to form a chemical bond
beta glucose - ANSWER OH on top or up
less sterically hindered
located at carbon 1
most common
alpha glucose - ANSWER OH on bottom or down
more sterically hindered
anomers - ANSWER isomers that differ at a new asymmetric carbon atom
formed on ring closure
aka: alpha and beta glucose
epimers - ANSWER differ at one of several asymmetric carbon atoms
acetals - ANSWER formed when hemiacetals react with alcohol
how we get glycosidic bonds
same process to form ketals from hemiketals
glycoside - ANSWER Compound formed when a hemiacetal carbon reacts
with an alcohol to give a full acetal
resulting bond is called a glycosidic bond
loses a water in the process
reducing sugars - ANSWER saccharides (sugars) that donate electrons
resulting in the reduction (gain of electrons) of another molecule.
have an available ketone/aldehyde group
nonreducing sugars - ANSWER Sugars that do not have a ketone or aldehyde
group and will not reduce
Example is sucrose
ketone - ANSWER R-C=O-R
carbonyl - ANSWER C=O
monosaccharide - ANSWER simple sugar molecule
general formula (CH2O)n
oligosaccharide - ANSWER 2-10 monomers
sugars linked by glycosidic bonds
polysaccharide - ANSWER formed when many monosaccharides are bonded
together
aldose - ANSWER a monosaccharide containing an aldehyde group
ketose - ANSWER a monosaccharide that contains a ketone group
triose - ANSWER The simplest monosaccharide that contains 3 carbon atoms
oxidized - ANSWER loses electrons (mostly double bonds, bonded to oxygen)
reduced - ANSWER gains electrons (mostly single bonds, and no oxygen
bonds)
hemiacetal - ANSWER Compound that is formed by the reaction of an
aldehyde with an alcohol
hemiketal - ANSWER Compound that is formed by the reaction of a ketone
with an alcohol
, anomeric carbon - ANSWER the new chiral center formed in ring closure; it
was the carbon containing the carbonyl in the straight-chain form --> becomes
sp3 hybridized
nucleophile - ANSWER a chemical species that donates an electron pair to an
electrophile to form a chemical bond
beta glucose - ANSWER OH on top or up
less sterically hindered
located at carbon 1
most common
alpha glucose - ANSWER OH on bottom or down
more sterically hindered
anomers - ANSWER isomers that differ at a new asymmetric carbon atom
formed on ring closure
aka: alpha and beta glucose
epimers - ANSWER differ at one of several asymmetric carbon atoms
acetals - ANSWER formed when hemiacetals react with alcohol
how we get glycosidic bonds
same process to form ketals from hemiketals
glycoside - ANSWER Compound formed when a hemiacetal carbon reacts
with an alcohol to give a full acetal
resulting bond is called a glycosidic bond
loses a water in the process
reducing sugars - ANSWER saccharides (sugars) that donate electrons
resulting in the reduction (gain of electrons) of another molecule.
have an available ketone/aldehyde group
nonreducing sugars - ANSWER Sugars that do not have a ketone or aldehyde
group and will not reduce
Example is sucrose
