SOLUTIONS MANUAL
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE
DESIGNING FOR PERFORMANCE
Author: William Stallings
11th Edition
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 5
Chapter 2 Computer Evolution And Performance ........................................... 6
Chapter 3 Computer Function And Interconnection...................................... 14
Chapter 4 Cache Memory ................................................................................... 19
Chapter 5 Internal Memory ................................................................................ 32
Chapter 6 External Memory ............................................................................... 38
Chapter 7 Input/Output ...................................................................................... 43
Chapter 8 Operating System Support ............................................................... 50
Chapter 9 Computer Arithmetic........................................................................ 57
Chapter 10 Instruction Sets: Characteristics And Functions ......................... 69
Chapter 11 Instruction Sets: Addressing Modes And Formats..................... 80
Chapter 12 Processor Structure And Function ................................................ 85
Chapter 13 Reduced Instruction Set Computers ............................................. 92
Chapter 14 Instruction-Level Parallelism And Superscalar Processors....... 97
Chapter 15 Control Unit Operation................................................................. 103
Chapter 16 Microprogrammed Control.......................................................... 106
Chapter 17 Parallel Processing ......................................................................... 109
Chapter 18 Multicore Computers .................................................................... 118
Chapter 19 Number Systems............................................................................ 121
Chapter 20 Digital Logic ................................................................................... 122
Chapter 21 The IA-64 Architecture ................................................................. 126
Appendix B Assembly Language And Related Topics ................................ 130
-4-
, CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
A NSWERS TO Q UESTIONS
1.1 Computer Architecture Refers To Those Attributes Of A System Visible To A
Programmer Or, Put Another Way, Those Attributes That Have A Direct Impact
On TheLogical Execution Of A Program. Computer Organization Refers To The
Operational Units And Their Interconnections That Realize The Architectural
Specifications. Examples Of Architectural Attributes Include The Instruction Set,
The Number Of BitsUsed To Represent Various Data Types (E.G., Numbers,
Characters), I/O Mechanisms,And Techniques For Addressing Memory.
Organizational Attributes Include Those Hardware Details Transparent To The
Programmer, Such As Control Signals; Interfaces Between The Computer And
Peripherals; And The Memory Technology Used.
1.2 Computer Structure Refers To The Way In Which The Components Of A
Computer AreInterrelated. Computer Function Refers To The Operation Of Each
Individual Component As Part Of The Structure.
1.3 Data Processing; Data Storage; Data Movement; And Control.
1.4 Central Processing Unit (CPU): Controls The Operation Of The Computer
And Performs Its Data Processing Functions; Often Simply Referred To As
Processor.Main Memory: Stores Data.
I/O: Moves Data Between The Computer And Its External Environment.
System Interconnection: Some Mechanism That Provides For
CommunicationAmong CPU, Main Memory, And I/O. A Common Example
Of System
Interconnection Is By Means Of A System Bus, Consisting Of A Number Of
ConductingWires To Which All The Other Components Attach.
1.5 Control Unit: Controls The Operation Of The CPU And Hence The
Computer Arithmetic And Logic Unit (ALU): Performs The Computer’s
Data ProcessingFunctions
Registers: Provides Storage Internal To The CPU
CPU Interconnection: Some Mechanism That Provides For Communication
AmongThe Control Unit, ALU, And Registers
-5-
, CHAPTER 2 COMPUTER EVOLUTION AND
PERFORMANCE
A NSWERS TO Q UESTIONS
2.1 In A Stored Program Computer, Programs Are Represented In A Form Suitable For
Storing In Memory Alongside The Data. The Computer Gets Its Instructions By
ReadingThem From Memory, And A Program Can Be Set Or Altered By Setting
The Values Of A Portion Of Memory.
2.2 A Main Memory, Which Stores Both Data And Instructions: An Arithmetic And
LogicUnit (ALU) Capable Of Operating On Binary Data; A Control Unit, Which
Interprets The Instructions In Memory And Causes Them To Be Executed; And
Input And Output(I/O) Equipment Operated By The Control Unit.
2.3 Gates, Memory Cells, And Interconnections Among Gates And Memory Cells.
2.4 Moore Observed That The Number Of Transistors That Could Be Put On A
Single ChipWas Doubling Every Year And Correctly Predicted That This Pace
Would Continue Into The Near Future.
2.5 Similar Or Identical Instruction Set: In Many Cases, The Same Set Of Machine
Instructions Is Supported On All Members Of The Family. Thus, A Program
That Executes On One Machine Will Also Execute On Any Other. Similar Or
Identical Operating System: The Same Basic Operating System Is Available For
All Family Members. Increasing Speed: The Rate Of Instruction Execution
Increases In Going From Lower To Higher Family Members. Increasing
Number Of I/O Ports: In GoingFrom Lower To Higher Family Members.
Increasing Memory Size: In Going From Lower To Higher Family Members.
Increasing Cost: In Going From Lower To Higher Family Members.
2.6 In A Microprocessor, All Of The Components Of The CPU Are On A Single Chip.
A NSWERS TO P ROBLEMS
2.1 This Program Is Developed In [HAYE98]. The Vectors A, B, And C Are Each
StoredIn 1,000 Contiguous Locations In Memory, Beginning At Locations 1001,
2001, And 3001, Respectively. The Program Begins With The Left Half Of
Location 3. A CountingVariable N Is Set To 999 And Decremented After Each
Step Until It Reaches –1. Thus, The Vectors Are Processed From High Location
To Low Location.
-6-
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE
DESIGNING FOR PERFORMANCE
Author: William Stallings
11th Edition
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 5
Chapter 2 Computer Evolution And Performance ........................................... 6
Chapter 3 Computer Function And Interconnection...................................... 14
Chapter 4 Cache Memory ................................................................................... 19
Chapter 5 Internal Memory ................................................................................ 32
Chapter 6 External Memory ............................................................................... 38
Chapter 7 Input/Output ...................................................................................... 43
Chapter 8 Operating System Support ............................................................... 50
Chapter 9 Computer Arithmetic........................................................................ 57
Chapter 10 Instruction Sets: Characteristics And Functions ......................... 69
Chapter 11 Instruction Sets: Addressing Modes And Formats..................... 80
Chapter 12 Processor Structure And Function ................................................ 85
Chapter 13 Reduced Instruction Set Computers ............................................. 92
Chapter 14 Instruction-Level Parallelism And Superscalar Processors....... 97
Chapter 15 Control Unit Operation................................................................. 103
Chapter 16 Microprogrammed Control.......................................................... 106
Chapter 17 Parallel Processing ......................................................................... 109
Chapter 18 Multicore Computers .................................................................... 118
Chapter 19 Number Systems............................................................................ 121
Chapter 20 Digital Logic ................................................................................... 122
Chapter 21 The IA-64 Architecture ................................................................. 126
Appendix B Assembly Language And Related Topics ................................ 130
-4-
, CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
A NSWERS TO Q UESTIONS
1.1 Computer Architecture Refers To Those Attributes Of A System Visible To A
Programmer Or, Put Another Way, Those Attributes That Have A Direct Impact
On TheLogical Execution Of A Program. Computer Organization Refers To The
Operational Units And Their Interconnections That Realize The Architectural
Specifications. Examples Of Architectural Attributes Include The Instruction Set,
The Number Of BitsUsed To Represent Various Data Types (E.G., Numbers,
Characters), I/O Mechanisms,And Techniques For Addressing Memory.
Organizational Attributes Include Those Hardware Details Transparent To The
Programmer, Such As Control Signals; Interfaces Between The Computer And
Peripherals; And The Memory Technology Used.
1.2 Computer Structure Refers To The Way In Which The Components Of A
Computer AreInterrelated. Computer Function Refers To The Operation Of Each
Individual Component As Part Of The Structure.
1.3 Data Processing; Data Storage; Data Movement; And Control.
1.4 Central Processing Unit (CPU): Controls The Operation Of The Computer
And Performs Its Data Processing Functions; Often Simply Referred To As
Processor.Main Memory: Stores Data.
I/O: Moves Data Between The Computer And Its External Environment.
System Interconnection: Some Mechanism That Provides For
CommunicationAmong CPU, Main Memory, And I/O. A Common Example
Of System
Interconnection Is By Means Of A System Bus, Consisting Of A Number Of
ConductingWires To Which All The Other Components Attach.
1.5 Control Unit: Controls The Operation Of The CPU And Hence The
Computer Arithmetic And Logic Unit (ALU): Performs The Computer’s
Data ProcessingFunctions
Registers: Provides Storage Internal To The CPU
CPU Interconnection: Some Mechanism That Provides For Communication
AmongThe Control Unit, ALU, And Registers
-5-
, CHAPTER 2 COMPUTER EVOLUTION AND
PERFORMANCE
A NSWERS TO Q UESTIONS
2.1 In A Stored Program Computer, Programs Are Represented In A Form Suitable For
Storing In Memory Alongside The Data. The Computer Gets Its Instructions By
ReadingThem From Memory, And A Program Can Be Set Or Altered By Setting
The Values Of A Portion Of Memory.
2.2 A Main Memory, Which Stores Both Data And Instructions: An Arithmetic And
LogicUnit (ALU) Capable Of Operating On Binary Data; A Control Unit, Which
Interprets The Instructions In Memory And Causes Them To Be Executed; And
Input And Output(I/O) Equipment Operated By The Control Unit.
2.3 Gates, Memory Cells, And Interconnections Among Gates And Memory Cells.
2.4 Moore Observed That The Number Of Transistors That Could Be Put On A
Single ChipWas Doubling Every Year And Correctly Predicted That This Pace
Would Continue Into The Near Future.
2.5 Similar Or Identical Instruction Set: In Many Cases, The Same Set Of Machine
Instructions Is Supported On All Members Of The Family. Thus, A Program
That Executes On One Machine Will Also Execute On Any Other. Similar Or
Identical Operating System: The Same Basic Operating System Is Available For
All Family Members. Increasing Speed: The Rate Of Instruction Execution
Increases In Going From Lower To Higher Family Members. Increasing
Number Of I/O Ports: In GoingFrom Lower To Higher Family Members.
Increasing Memory Size: In Going From Lower To Higher Family Members.
Increasing Cost: In Going From Lower To Higher Family Members.
2.6 In A Microprocessor, All Of The Components Of The CPU Are On A Single Chip.
A NSWERS TO P ROBLEMS
2.1 This Program Is Developed In [HAYE98]. The Vectors A, B, And C Are Each
StoredIn 1,000 Contiguous Locations In Memory, Beginning At Locations 1001,
2001, And 3001, Respectively. The Program Begins With The Left Half Of
Location 3. A CountingVariable N Is Set To 999 And Decremented After Each
Step Until It Reaches –1. Thus, The Vectors Are Processed From High Location
To Low Location.
-6-
